tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47462585489898091602024-03-04T23:17:00.449-08:00GlydeckGeek's Delightglydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-90554567912881585742023-12-04T09:48:00.000-08:002023-12-04T09:56:40.756-08:00<h1 style="text-align: center;">Modifying the Tektronix C-12 for a Cannon Digital Camera</h1><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;">The Tektronix C-12 camera originally used a Polaroid camera back and Polaroid film.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The film is no longer available and even if it was the steps required to scan the paper photo to include in documents would be tedious and time consuming.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The body of the C-12 is beautifully crafted and lends itself nicely to be a mount for a cheap digital camera. These are some notes on the steps I took to do the conversion.</p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsy9tGghwHVKowXBUAOa-ku2sLZ4LmcdlMR6HE0qdEQGkHuH1mHaVuBQnzoNFcS36PQQ04ceFrq3-7Ux7xK67YtS-1IzkrgupzVCOBXr9oqcvenJaNzHMxP4c5WcxhPvNNZj45YYyoaYEVEFubRV0pefNYLv6kuUPVV2nc1jOxfJGHQu6pBKfXAivEkUQ/s2894/CAM_00.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2681" data-original-width="2894" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsy9tGghwHVKowXBUAOa-ku2sLZ4LmcdlMR6HE0qdEQGkHuH1mHaVuBQnzoNFcS36PQQ04ceFrq3-7Ux7xK67YtS-1IzkrgupzVCOBXr9oqcvenJaNzHMxP4c5WcxhPvNNZj45YYyoaYEVEFubRV0pefNYLv6kuUPVV2nc1jOxfJGHQu6pBKfXAivEkUQ/s320/CAM_00.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b>fig.1 <i>Here is the C-12 after conversion</i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">After removing all of the parts associated with the Polaroid camera you will be left with a backing that used to hold the film back. At the top of the plate there is a silver pull tab that allows you to remove the plate.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSpQS5wgRmUNpAcMetPcCC8I63j_kYHxTyHVbOdVB40fuFPmeP6ZW8A6iwFq6Q9air2tRFWt4bcIh1l6v5qf6VdkkirPvLavSHaw2iEADsKprj64NWcBILu3aN-Wx0R5SGFu0RBZ3k6lHc1aPk3cIWbGlqpoLGcAWrvDq9TI9LIOzM8WXR5oeApea-Sg/s3360/CAM_01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlSpQS5wgRmUNpAcMetPcCC8I63j_kYHxTyHVbOdVB40fuFPmeP6ZW8A6iwFq6Q9air2tRFWt4bcIh1l6v5qf6VdkkirPvLavSHaw2iEADsKprj64NWcBILu3aN-Wx0R5SGFu0RBZ3k6lHc1aPk3cIWbGlqpoLGcAWrvDq9TI9LIOzM8WXR5oeApea-Sg/s320/CAM_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.2 <i>This shows the pull tab and backing</i></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: start;"><br /></p></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Once the backing is removed I cut two pieces of metal to attach to the backing. One is a flat piece of tin that acts as a light baffle around the lens of the camera.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>The other is a piece of right angle aluminum that will be the shelf to hold the camera. I first attached the flat piece and located the center of the square hole in the backing. There I used a Greenlee punch to make a hole for the lens</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ImS80VCAbtTFVBpGKuYmjMO6OcKOKv-GWOWQ76tu0dQvQ3Vahu6ckCUDt0WdZIAUL_EmQI1Mkx9RFFe1x-6XT3-SeTvG_TV4Tw5G_LxtkOUn04p1auqAMSzjPjnLYh3AAyYpziHHrDEMW_XxgPXP1XJD1u8VWl9Qvxjqk-qheyDm57jj_hpaRLFjYAE/s3376/CAM_02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3376" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ImS80VCAbtTFVBpGKuYmjMO6OcKOKv-GWOWQ76tu0dQvQ3Vahu6ckCUDt0WdZIAUL_EmQI1Mkx9RFFe1x-6XT3-SeTvG_TV4Tw5G_LxtkOUn04p1auqAMSzjPjnLYh3AAyYpziHHrDEMW_XxgPXP1XJD1u8VWl9Qvxjqk-qheyDm57jj_hpaRLFjYAE/s320/CAM_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.3 <i>Attach the plate to the backing and punch the lens hole.</i></b></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Next I placed the camera face on the plate so the lens is centered on the hole. I then taped the camera to the plate.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1gmCO6U6VH_HWorKLA6P_sR__uGmryZ3knQidatpQu26bsDud3o-_bMXV_zZIRbe5KLJRZ_XFXcLuMB_4xIisI_Qj79r5_nDe1W8srxQsr8hwE3D_Ji0H-9-1HEIoO2o8MKu0odcVZhMIoCKEm8zydTT6se1wcWM6hC5psiOvPOAqCPI2aYE1MNjZW8/s3376/CAM_02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3376" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir1gmCO6U6VH_HWorKLA6P_sR__uGmryZ3knQidatpQu26bsDud3o-_bMXV_zZIRbe5KLJRZ_XFXcLuMB_4xIisI_Qj79r5_nDe1W8srxQsr8hwE3D_Ji0H-9-1HEIoO2o8MKu0odcVZhMIoCKEm8zydTT6se1wcWM6hC5psiOvPOAqCPI2aYE1MNjZW8/s320/CAM_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWwIuoMhJrsdBBfCyIy0pr2W05q4CoedKDVPyeFm8TgvuwPgB9RtNFKTCU_Y38BqMP7BBjejRSs2gSUOcyHSaiv_0kUK2dut9nODK3DWqGw2oPoKC89r13ZPm6fV-cnUyvuL-BjZFIPdscNfYCKu0ErgBJdkP6xvO-qPy5brxiAO0CUio9vNbGsxZf07s/s3360/CAM_04.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWwIuoMhJrsdBBfCyIy0pr2W05q4CoedKDVPyeFm8TgvuwPgB9RtNFKTCU_Y38BqMP7BBjejRSs2gSUOcyHSaiv_0kUK2dut9nODK3DWqGw2oPoKC89r13ZPm6fV-cnUyvuL-BjZFIPdscNfYCKu0ErgBJdkP6xvO-qPy5brxiAO0CUio9vNbGsxZf07s/s320/CAM_04.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.4 <i>Center the camera and tape it in place</i></b></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">After the holes have been marked and drilled I filed the two outside hole into a vertical oval so the camera shelf could be rotated a small amount to perfectly align with the scope reticule.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9qDAKq2xPapm9WR9lCTiExafaR0HRd7aMfMvZ591KxfQi_Ccgb1d2U4YDchZg0fQXt5pYBQjebEMfji-S0oLmw4PeA_6RmZ5S6rFhvbBsiMkOniCWVx8HFzgXJa11nVevidfGCsMAvTx56Hn2cEdNCeR9bO8N8YQWhu5Msw6Q9R3b2eFsA0Mihyphenhyphen9eNW0/s3360/CAM_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9qDAKq2xPapm9WR9lCTiExafaR0HRd7aMfMvZ591KxfQi_Ccgb1d2U4YDchZg0fQXt5pYBQjebEMfji-S0oLmw4PeA_6RmZ5S6rFhvbBsiMkOniCWVx8HFzgXJa11nVevidfGCsMAvTx56Hn2cEdNCeR9bO8N8YQWhu5Msw6Q9R3b2eFsA0Mihyphenhyphen9eNW0/s320/CAM_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.5 <i>File the outside holes to allow alignment</i></b></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">When the Polaroid camera was removed so were the camera bellows.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>To replace them I cut a 2” long piece of 3.5” black ABS sewer pipe to act as a light shield.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5oomlt8vaZ8jNPU0YmCaLoUMxBggJhCls7qPSnBdKlLX5iq2JayFkDxzIx01WFMuU3nCY-GXTNY6G1PijDuBilpQOeurBvvizGZU6uNI2_SRAm29KBl41vq8nu2Y8O1Eyqs3UlLWSYJe5759dnu4Rl7GfN4jsUmMJHGWbLEikObpgLGYobaQVODhZ_5U/s3360/CAM_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2520" data-original-width="3360" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5oomlt8vaZ8jNPU0YmCaLoUMxBggJhCls7qPSnBdKlLX5iq2JayFkDxzIx01WFMuU3nCY-GXTNY6G1PijDuBilpQOeurBvvizGZU6uNI2_SRAm29KBl41vq8nu2Y8O1Eyqs3UlLWSYJe5759dnu4Rl7GfN4jsUmMJHGWbLEikObpgLGYobaQVODhZ_5U/s320/CAM_06.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.5 <i>Add sewer pipe light baffle</i></b></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">It’s worth noting that there is an additional feature on the Tektronix C-12. There is a plate on the bottom that can be removed and replaced with a small light box. The intent was for the user to add custom film reticules that would be superimposed over the scope image. Here is a picture of the bottom plate removed.</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMoXW4FfSejAksRL1JGbvXrMCCyzt4h-QwnpLHbRkI4vBUpPykZ3KDP3TVDhrwr-NuZ97M53ZuCLYLqopRkq4qfSxAbNLb407cRkbgj_ZbLEJ55WaxCNmnzPhsN0liNEieHgxnGlyoS1EjY2qM9SC_26pYqImqdAGp-DKif6hl8o8FBf8xPWnTRNNS5xs/s4032/IMG_0345.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3024" data-original-width="4032" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMoXW4FfSejAksRL1JGbvXrMCCyzt4h-QwnpLHbRkI4vBUpPykZ3KDP3TVDhrwr-NuZ97M53ZuCLYLqopRkq4qfSxAbNLb407cRkbgj_ZbLEJ55WaxCNmnzPhsN0liNEieHgxnGlyoS1EjY2qM9SC_26pYqImqdAGp-DKif6hl8o8FBf8xPWnTRNNS5xs/s320/IMG_0345.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig.6 <i>Bottom plate removed from the C-12</i></b></div></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;">Here is the Projected Graticule that attaches to the bottom of the camera.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>My idea as a follow-on project is to attach a small LCD to the opening so that scope pictures could be annotated on the spot using something like a Raspberry Pi or Arduino. The one trick to this is figuring out how to make the LCD a mirror image.</span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9rUo7uBcdOa61vEIqv8d6CJxRftLnoVhw4rQ8iUBE9JMBk0_ZGpoh1wwzz6Vviv-D9fgMdRNM2a8z5ygEcPXg61o1-LFOVFlLBN1E1UzXGDzbYKaSizmmfe5PXj8PW2IvzNh9SnLQ2I6WgXWEXeNORBpYP7Dz3KTYUnNyDGccB_sQl0w-yFetHofJU28/s2132/Screen%20Shot%202020-12-09%20at%208.47.07%20AM.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1510" data-original-width="2132" height="227" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9rUo7uBcdOa61vEIqv8d6CJxRftLnoVhw4rQ8iUBE9JMBk0_ZGpoh1wwzz6Vviv-D9fgMdRNM2a8z5ygEcPXg61o1-LFOVFlLBN1E1UzXGDzbYKaSizmmfe5PXj8PW2IvzNh9SnLQ2I6WgXWEXeNORBpYP7Dz3KTYUnNyDGccB_sQl0w-yFetHofJU28/s320/Screen%20Shot%202020-12-09%20at%208.47.07%20AM.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;">fig. 7</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><br /><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><span style="font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></div><p class="p1" style="font-feature-settings: normal; font-kerning: auto; font-optical-sizing: auto; font-size: 12px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-variation-settings: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="s1" style="letter-spacing: 0.2px;"><br /></span></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-66276093888845860602020-12-06T08:48:00.001-08:002020-12-06T08:48:51.626-08:00<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: center;">Pi Arduino Development Station</h1><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Having picked up a folding Plexiglas prototyping assembly for a few dollars at the amateur radio swap meet I decided to use it to build a portable Raspberry Pi Arduino prototyping station. I could use the Raspberry Pi 4 to do hardware development directly and with the Raspian Linux operating system I would be able to run the Arduino IDE. The completed system consists of a Raspberry Pi 4, Arduino Uno, ten-inch HDMI display, and a USB receptacle outlet for power.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqFNxR2vl5ZjA8VEWfLqkhmxWYlPOca5Kmdx14QV0wirbpAKm7ya32LBRc0dwYgAavnx043m-T3VyyZ6tcG1ma9il-wa3MyPcvoxzXpvxLenBwyVyy10VWMY8MpjyxRyycqoZ6ipsDvE/s2048/Image01.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1628" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUqFNxR2vl5ZjA8VEWfLqkhmxWYlPOca5Kmdx14QV0wirbpAKm7ya32LBRc0dwYgAavnx043m-T3VyyZ6tcG1ma9il-wa3MyPcvoxzXpvxLenBwyVyy10VWMY8MpjyxRyycqoZ6ipsDvE/s320/Image01.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><i><b><br /></b></i><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 1 </b>Combination Raspberry Pi Arduino Dev Station</i></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Here you can see where I added a prototyping board that includes a GPIO breakout connector for the Raspberry Pi. As with most of my prototyping setups I like to add an aluminum angle bracket to hold some BNC connectors for easy IO and banana jacks with ¾” spacing for connecting external power. I can also add potentiometers as needed.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhQOOoj2LbB3L3qYp4EcypHAMA620wS5UN5oODJsHcc6ZSWguodo699vXM7wEWP2cbJs8jqeSb9PQ9yNb-pP7PX03mfJq0URg40mzqsPAMMAw_SvibdGS4GqMgnZx7v9VCQczqkzP_GY/s2048/Image02.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibhQOOoj2LbB3L3qYp4EcypHAMA620wS5UN5oODJsHcc6ZSWguodo699vXM7wEWP2cbJs8jqeSb9PQ9yNb-pP7PX03mfJq0URg40mzqsPAMMAw_SvibdGS4GqMgnZx7v9VCQczqkzP_GY/s320/Image02.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 2 </b>Closeup of Prototyping Section</i></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Here is a view of the banana jacks used for connecting external power supplies. You can also see how easy it is to either probe or inject signals with the BNC connectors.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioyGeIWTLunNjSZXl6Ch8VKmVx4PzuwUfJakwBSWvBFTiS09EEWjv0J84kZ13TKfWR0FY5_gL6UTPDxJ4mQfDx7Kg5Xta31mHPzlCtGFuvXQO_N1-dAyEidbEgAtHU0uLG8QiNjIwrDP4/s2048/Image03.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEioyGeIWTLunNjSZXl6Ch8VKmVx4PzuwUfJakwBSWvBFTiS09EEWjv0J84kZ13TKfWR0FY5_gL6UTPDxJ4mQfDx7Kg5Xta31mHPzlCtGFuvXQO_N1-dAyEidbEgAtHU0uLG8QiNjIwrDP4/s320/Image03.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 3 </b>Banana Jack Power Connections</i></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">The USB receptacle outlet provides plenty of power for the Raspberry Pi, Arduino and HDMI display. The exposed connector on the top is neutral, however it has since been covered as well.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXxUg0PgI9u3bJ5d3rxAvPeS7VaF_NqIHGCfXEH0kSCK6FEEgSUAm2VbloPlGXNU4xGtDFOC2_Rp8KJr3jlUtd64hR_80QSKeHGalgXP-9JvZV0lE7zfTJ1d819juJoST6n_iixMylF8/s2048/Image04.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQXxUg0PgI9u3bJ5d3rxAvPeS7VaF_NqIHGCfXEH0kSCK6FEEgSUAm2VbloPlGXNU4xGtDFOC2_Rp8KJr3jlUtd64hR_80QSKeHGalgXP-9JvZV0lE7zfTJ1d819juJoST6n_iixMylF8/s320/Image04.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 4 </b>Modified USB receptacle</i></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Here is where the completed project comes together where the Arduino is driving and reading an arrangement of gates and counters in a simple ‘Hello World” test.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5fUG0nJa1YRdh7dBDbfilmjIJ_ePZsjw4rEDeFvS9a3QOGq4-o6a7sC8N0ogBbTWMig3t2K5jj1mSGZxSzIulmtmMApxEz-yb3CRJUgb7II6fQqWu4iYP2kQoeKrf0KybAHNHmlKGYxc/s2048/Image05.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5fUG0nJa1YRdh7dBDbfilmjIJ_ePZsjw4rEDeFvS9a3QOGq4-o6a7sC8N0ogBbTWMig3t2K5jj1mSGZxSzIulmtmMApxEz-yb3CRJUgb7II6fQqWu4iYP2kQoeKrf0KybAHNHmlKGYxc/s320/Image05.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 5 </b>Development Assembly Running</i></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Here is a picture of the development assembly folded up and ready for travel.</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i></i></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9FxnO3hGFsRShaSW0qQvpgmTlfoOV5sJThyphenhyphenyanmjWPAK7Hol5j7_6LxAyH_ewnAwSjQU0iphp1xxnDe_5DWFr12lxm9nSH1o808Jl0P8iomJJyCYYuM5rTTC7l0-vtrHChy_Yc0HMjQA/s1935/Image06.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1272" data-original-width="1935" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9FxnO3hGFsRShaSW0qQvpgmTlfoOV5sJThyphenhyphenyanmjWPAK7Hol5j7_6LxAyH_ewnAwSjQU0iphp1xxnDe_5DWFr12lxm9nSH1o808Jl0P8iomJJyCYYuM5rTTC7l0-vtrHChy_Yc0HMjQA/s320/Image06.jpeg" width="320" /></a></i></div><p></p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 6 </b>Folded up for Travel</i></p><p></p><h2 style="text-align: center;"><b>Resource Links</b></h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07TC2BK1X/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o07_s02?ie=UTF8&psc=1">Raspberry Pi 4</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008GRTSV6/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o07_s01?ie=UTF8&psc=1">Arduino Uno</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01N0R2VRA/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o04_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1">USB Receptical</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LYN4J3B/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o00_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1">GPIO Breakout Kit</a></li><li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B07WQVCNXY/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o04_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1">Display</a></li></ul>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-71973058209603605072020-11-25T18:46:00.009-08:002023-12-04T09:15:40.685-08:00<p> </p><h1 style="text-align: center;">A Simple ESR Meter</h1><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">I was always envious of my friends analog ESR meter that allowed him to check and find bad capacitors while they were still in circuit. The particular meter he had is no longer available, which meant doing some research to understand how they worked and to come up with my own version. First, what is ESR? ESR stands for the equivalent series resistance of a capacitor. ESR is frequency-dependent, temperature-dependent, and changes as components age. It’s typically important for ‘Wet’ aluminum electrolytic capacitors used in power supplies to have a low ESR.</p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">The typical method used for measuring ESR is to supply the capacitor with a known AC current (Icap) at some frequency where the capacitive reactance of the capacitor is very low so that the ESR dominates. By measuring the resulting AC voltage developed across the capacitor’s terminals (Vcap) the ESR can be determined with Ohm’s law:</p><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">ESR = Vcap/Icap</span></b></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Most of the designs I found worked along the same lines as this block diagram:</p><a href="./images/Image01.jpg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb8NvTTPyHg6ijzXeF1hY5xyzPipWYyaeSLOCQaSYVv17Kt6J4JtwLJcOFYKmUbUooKbuzwX1WOYEvIFOTX8GCNZNXlx6APiJUAiaF7P5GhWOKMLlGtvMo1uyoHRB1KVXPFNPz_oT49z4/s720/ESR+BlockDiag.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="720" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb8NvTTPyHg6ijzXeF1hY5xyzPipWYyaeSLOCQaSYVv17Kt6J4JtwLJcOFYKmUbUooKbuzwX1WOYEvIFOTX8GCNZNXlx6APiJUAiaF7P5GhWOKMLlGtvMo1uyoHRB1KVXPFNPz_oT49z4/s320/ESR+BlockDiag.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 1 </b>Typical ESR Meter Elements</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Going from left to right there is an oscillator that supplies AC voltage to be applied to the capacitor. Next the AC signal is fed into an impedance converter and detector. The detected signal is then rectified and buffered so that it can drive the meter on the right of the diagram. Since the ESR meter is to be battery operated the power supply circuit supplies split rails for the operational amplifiers that will be used in the ESR meter. The oscillator in most of the examples I looked at operated at 100 kHz to 150 kHz. The driver used to reduce the impedance of the AC signal could be anything from a transistor current boost, transformer, or paralleled logic gates. The detector was usually back to back diodes. The detected AC signal is then rectified, amplified and fed into a DC meter.</p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">In the circuit I decided to build I used several design elements from the DIY examples I found on the Internet.</p><a href="./images/Image02.png"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvU1AKnuym3QdneiGCKCpc0V7wa9ln6ktoZqCfGYhfCaGi_upXk61fsz42ju0Q86A22H-onslKP84BVYvHl3_B_wB5QiJlidsI4PtCdZN1A-_MzMkyTuy2qKzG_HgigMAGkMm9zn5SexoNU00vnIfg8cw1GBBZmwJD8SUB7IiXobBDgu9tmAqWeQBF=s1532" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1167" data-original-width="1532" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjvU1AKnuym3QdneiGCKCpc0V7wa9ln6ktoZqCfGYhfCaGi_upXk61fsz42ju0Q86A22H-onslKP84BVYvHl3_B_wB5QiJlidsI4PtCdZN1A-_MzMkyTuy2qKzG_HgigMAGkMm9zn5SexoNU00vnIfg8cw1GBBZmwJD8SUB7IiXobBDgu9tmAqWeQBF=w406-h309" width="406" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 2 </b>Schematic of the ESR Meter</i></div><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">For the oscillator and impedance converter I used a single 74HC14 that provides 6 inverters with hysteresis. One of the inverters acts as a relaxation oscillator and the remaining 5 inverters operate as the impedance converter. This part of the circuit came from Lawrence P. Glaister VE7IT. The detector portion of the ESR meter is the same as the detection circuit in the commercial ESR meter built by Creative Electronics. Sadly, these meters are no longer made. Diodes D1 and D2 clip the top and bottom of the 100 kHz AC to one silicon junction drop. This allows capacitors to be tested in circuit because any other silicon junctions will not be forward biased by the relatively low AC signal. <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;">The low-level AC signal is DC decoupled with C3 and
amplified by two operational amplifiers, with a voltage gain of 4.7 for the first amplifier and a
gain of 10 for the second. This provides an overall gain of 47 to the input of the absolute value
circuit.</span>The Absolute value circuit was taken from the Burr - Brown Application Bulletin “Precision Absolute Value Circuits”. The absolute value circuit had plenty of drive for the 100 microamp meter I used.</p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">This ESR meter operates of a single 9 volt battery. The plus, minus and ground voltages needed for the operational amplifier are derived using this opamp voltage follower with current boost.</p><a href="./images/Image03.png"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="./images/Image03.png"></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZJBVNz5uWkzGir-av7BPewBRPKL0gbrfe5RSSiedc5VnUCEalCstlPdBLkJ-CCuxCXV9D6LwPSZ2pGt6KTGGNlofgcrJi5UrScHIeSE5DvFcgsnHZXB_FtPoFyaC04Ltc1V7xzSHG-UA/" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1537" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZJBVNz5uWkzGir-av7BPewBRPKL0gbrfe5RSSiedc5VnUCEalCstlPdBLkJ-CCuxCXV9D6LwPSZ2pGt6KTGGNlofgcrJi5UrScHIeSE5DvFcgsnHZXB_FtPoFyaC04Ltc1V7xzSHG-UA/w400-h300/Image03.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 3 </b>Power Supply Circuit</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">To test out the circuit I built up a conventional bread board. BNC connectors allow for easy monitoring of the various waveforms. Initially for testing I simply looked at the signals with an oscilloscope intead of the 100 micro amp meter.</p><a href="./images/Image04.jpeg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwQ1qo0JDI60XdA4vy9u17YbSFi81gsxJRWQLRyULmhGMwXjl6LJRCbtQtbpOByYOnX2e1gmFuagLkyOhCTGqZ_1CIXV9_ejq_E-a7JAPZdaNOgWG7sANM7Nd45qFXlBSXkCKA7jjECes/s2048/Image04.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwQ1qo0JDI60XdA4vy9u17YbSFi81gsxJRWQLRyULmhGMwXjl6LJRCbtQtbpOByYOnX2e1gmFuagLkyOhCTGqZ_1CIXV9_ejq_E-a7JAPZdaNOgWG7sANM7Nd45qFXlBSXkCKA7jjECes/w400-h300/Image04.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 4 </b>ESR Bread Board</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">In this picture you can see the output the oscillator as well as the output of the ESR meter while testing a 50-microfarad electrolytic capacitor.</p><a href="./images/Image05.jpeg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhartRZdQG0b51L2M20pIDQR5UN8AirqZvjZW4EP5HiD3_MXLH0udNA5uRGGUb-YvrbONSyMYb7zx0-GsRzxBOuDCsSsNMTPFUhRYJ32KM4Tj2M4IgpvNN_VfsZE0O2FnGcd4M0JvvHEyc/s2048/Image05.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhartRZdQG0b51L2M20pIDQR5UN8AirqZvjZW4EP5HiD3_MXLH0udNA5uRGGUb-YvrbONSyMYb7zx0-GsRzxBOuDCsSsNMTPFUhRYJ32KM4Tj2M4IgpvNN_VfsZE0O2FnGcd4M0JvvHEyc/w400-h300/Image05.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 5 </b>Oscilloscope Test</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">In this waveform dump from the oscilloscope you can see the difference between a capacitor with a high ESR in blue and a capacitor with a low ESR in orange.</p><a href="./images/Image06.png"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZU0-RXP4c_m3XbTUhsPw2qd-j6qJKrfamhILj1Jk-iYt-HqO9U02Q-rDRgf0WaIAArNrwf4CDIuWnBj431frkn5MszVHe448-7TeRSUccgBYqBW94-CoXhtc3mdwR0MnO6IRXSR4RbE/s1427/Image06.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1035" data-original-width="1427" height="290" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwZU0-RXP4c_m3XbTUhsPw2qd-j6qJKrfamhILj1Jk-iYt-HqO9U02Q-rDRgf0WaIAArNrwf4CDIuWnBj431frkn5MszVHe448-7TeRSUccgBYqBW94-CoXhtc3mdwR0MnO6IRXSR4RbE/w400-h290/Image06.png" width="400" /></a></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 6 </b>Waveform Data Showing High & Low ESR</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">Even before I was able to package the meter into a case I used it to trouble shoot our air conditioner by locating a bad motor capacitor.</p><a href="./images/Image07.jpeg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY97cwigfz5MueL5pWAaihh_Eqtpca0XO7CN-jNXKq1E2R3fCUoqzMX7hg8Be_D-QdtRgNYZ4MJc9XUgDYd-whLQ756EzUNV60IiiHGt3NGWTBEMZBINkAMGs8Pg4axLKRhIcK0JiFB4/s2048/Image07.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguY97cwigfz5MueL5pWAaihh_Eqtpca0XO7CN-jNXKq1E2R3fCUoqzMX7hg8Be_D-QdtRgNYZ4MJc9XUgDYd-whLQ756EzUNV60IiiHGt3NGWTBEMZBINkAMGs8Pg4axLKRhIcK0JiFB4/w400-h300/Image07.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 7 </b>Checking Motor Capacitor</i></p><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">The completed ESR meter is sufficiently portable so that it can be used remotely and away from the work bench. Simple Post-It® Note calibration was accomplished with a handful of 2-ohm resistors. The ESR meter works like an ohm meter. Before measuring a capacitor, the leads are shorted together and the knob is adjusted for a full-scale reading (Zero ESR). Rotating the knob fully counter clockwise turns the meter off with a switch.</p><a href="./images/Image08.jpeg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjvlhyphenhyphenMugH6gGwHB8VpzyT_Yck8Z5h8_MeA2i7urNKAx4_uWF4fldPBjSWnle727VlzDI9sYJ5iCmdlfs2DqMkTVwcYS1MefqoD5cjizX5xPdBCDhW3b_-77V8IbU9d3R4HREg9Nnuxw/s2048/Image08.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtjvlhyphenhyphenMugH6gGwHB8VpzyT_Yck8Z5h8_MeA2i7urNKAx4_uWF4fldPBjSWnle727VlzDI9sYJ5iCmdlfs2DqMkTVwcYS1MefqoD5cjizX5xPdBCDhW3b_-77V8IbU9d3R4HREg9Nnuxw/w400-h300/Image08.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 8 </b>Completed ESR Meter</i></div><p></p><p class="main" style="text-align: justify;">The circuit is wired on two prototyping Perfboards. The smaller board on the left is the circuit used to derive the plus, minus and ground references for the op-amps. The larger perfboard is the ESR meter circuit and it is held in place by the nuts on the meter.</p><a href="./images/Image09.jpeg"></a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0kiUbrD4iWNt74ZSG7wSDyXy5crqiySi-Zh_1ts7G6pkrV6aPUTQm8edfyR3lo8yuTSFQ0hYGMgGwmACF2_TLv8D7mVKej3BEh-cP51T-_w3BTGSLewZgpnvFLM2VLXxqe85rQLQrKck/s2048/Image09.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0kiUbrD4iWNt74ZSG7wSDyXy5crqiySi-Zh_1ts7G6pkrV6aPUTQm8edfyR3lo8yuTSFQ0hYGMgGwmACF2_TLv8D7mVKej3BEh-cP51T-_w3BTGSLewZgpnvFLM2VLXxqe85rQLQrKck/w400-h300/Image09.jpeg" width="400" /></a></div><p class="caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Fig. 9 </b>Inside the ESR Meter</i></p><h2 style="text-align: center;">Resource Links</h2><ul><li><a href="https://www.circuitlake.com/capacitor-esr-tester.html " target="_blank">Lawrence P. Glaister VE7IT ESR Meter</a></li><li><a href="http://glydeck.com/project/content/absolute_value_circuit.pdf" target="_blank">Burr - Brown Application Bulletin “Precision Absolute Value Circuits”</a></li></ul><p></p>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-77114920690664586922020-04-28T15:53:00.001-07:002020-12-04T18:15:02.674-08:00Home Made UVC Sterilizer<div class="main" style="text-align: justify;">
This is a series of pictures describing a simple UV-C Sterilizer I built for mail, face masks, and small items. Much of it was built out of leftover parts from other projects. The germicidal lamps and ballasts were purchased on eBay. The timer and some electrical parts came from Amazon. Be warned! UV-C is very nasty, and at no time should you look directly at the bulbs or allow your skin to be exposed to the radiation. Any time that I energized the bulbs outside the enclosure or with the enclosure open I wore welder's goggles and did not look directly at the lamps.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgEmnb76l7AWRZonv4LsxWdbJK3BT9pBGQYYBoWD1njuDXcRTsTirsFiAXXlGPvPkRZ3EwXM_zt5fh-YRsR8FwYwcGkix0rU5pIJBr90JppFFIMeG9CYhYp_iciNLUQUqIRSibIGx-Xs/s1600/sterilizer_01.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOgEmnb76l7AWRZonv4LsxWdbJK3BT9pBGQYYBoWD1njuDXcRTsTirsFiAXXlGPvPkRZ3EwXM_zt5fh-YRsR8FwYwcGkix0rU5pIJBr90JppFFIMeG9CYhYp_iciNLUQUqIRSibIGx-Xs/s320/sterilizer_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 1 </b>Bread board of the lamp and ballast</i></div>
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This is the schematic of the UV sterilizer. Each lamp requires a separate magnetic ballast. A timer allows a user to select the amount of sterilization in minutes. Typically, 5 to 10 minutes should be sufficient for most objects.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK0nXoKNITKMeromO4z2UOupc5lGA0j8ivWWlGdgwDBs9PDrzqEyj5HOv5s1LRQlaaNoWtOWvsXnjSSH6OrZAERDm9kKIexmL8XsnlqtA4rbZ1Z4fm7B0OtGP9-AwHtbTInv0dQBV-8uQ/s1600/sterilizer_02.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="1024" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhK0nXoKNITKMeromO4z2UOupc5lGA0j8ivWWlGdgwDBs9PDrzqEyj5HOv5s1LRQlaaNoWtOWvsXnjSSH6OrZAERDm9kKIexmL8XsnlqtA4rbZ1Z4fm7B0OtGP9-AwHtbTInv0dQBV-8uQ/s320/sterilizer_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 2 </b>Schematic</i></div>
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The box I built to house the sterilizer was fabricated from spare Ikea shelves and other press board material I had in the shop. I glued aluminum foil to the interior wall of each piece of box. I then followed up with aluminum tape around the edges. The aluminum tape is the kind used for air conditioning duct repairs and can be found at Home Depot or Loews.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Qbj2yutTyN435ZmB_NW0AbWbVE0zbfQfIgxtAmG1ZJeYBBUmCA-BsVY9pt0nKvhO2JRuu5XzeV2k46M8iMUw2lI7Xd8VygT2eVltIwXc-IJ48ZYgAu6bI4waiCrdrZckhhT5o1Egzyo/s1600/sterilizer_03.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_Qbj2yutTyN435ZmB_NW0AbWbVE0zbfQfIgxtAmG1ZJeYBBUmCA-BsVY9pt0nKvhO2JRuu5XzeV2k46M8iMUw2lI7Xd8VygT2eVltIwXc-IJ48ZYgAu6bI4waiCrdrZckhhT5o1Egzyo/s320/sterilizer_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 3 </b>Press board covered with foil and aluminum tape</i></div>
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After the individual pieces are covered with foil they can be assembled into a box. I used dry wall screws to attach the sides together. After the box is assembled I followed up with aluminum trim on the outside edges for extra strength.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDClnX-5QRLSnf0D-2Jb4558flBxt1fsc-b7LuvUcSkKt-v-f_C68NJt-6Y34MLzlWIqAc6udSiqi7rZfvsPd4ZMAHP3Xijjo5IjgZq2BTYNdX3bWbXRTuGbIUmw0Lk6pz_XRh65kBjeE/s1600/sterilizer_04.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDClnX-5QRLSnf0D-2Jb4558flBxt1fsc-b7LuvUcSkKt-v-f_C68NJt-6Y34MLzlWIqAc6udSiqi7rZfvsPd4ZMAHP3Xijjo5IjgZq2BTYNdX3bWbXRTuGbIUmw0Lk6pz_XRh65kBjeE/s320/sterilizer_04.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 4 </b>Assembly of the press board box</i></div>
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Next I wired the junction box for the hot and neutral buss that feeds each of the lamps. I used a typical barrier strip and plastic project box. Rubber grommets were added to the box to protect the wires entering the box. The ballasts and G23 sockets use solid wire which works well with the screw terminals on the barrier strip.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6g7m-uMfyySd1zXwWY6Hw4olPWbOKzB-wOyXspvtaiD0sEMHCmwZfxkrzLJpNuvEWac57bVQw7PJbrl-d0zUGPeH_bpDjQMN1xDFc3GQGBOTadgtErxtCS0OPs4OzvaoTtw-MbIEIKrs/s1600/sterilizer_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6g7m-uMfyySd1zXwWY6Hw4olPWbOKzB-wOyXspvtaiD0sEMHCmwZfxkrzLJpNuvEWac57bVQw7PJbrl-d0zUGPeH_bpDjQMN1xDFc3GQGBOTadgtErxtCS0OPs4OzvaoTtw-MbIEIKrs/s320/sterilizer_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 5 </b>Close up of junction box</i></div>
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With the box completed I attached the junction box to the back of the unit.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixGq_ooY2ecBZRnvrNGIGwfS0H5ywiTPlGTbnLIPmnSPg8YTVk76IkXUHCNhXSBmLgrvtE7lgdBQW2mbTc3YKj-ivT2jwEz2I4rAh2povZm8SQPMm3yomheInhXAqJ9v_76J04-QALQkg/s1600/sterilizer_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixGq_ooY2ecBZRnvrNGIGwfS0H5ywiTPlGTbnLIPmnSPg8YTVk76IkXUHCNhXSBmLgrvtE7lgdBQW2mbTc3YKj-ivT2jwEz2I4rAh2povZm8SQPMm3yomheInhXAqJ9v_76J04-QALQkg/s320/sterilizer_06.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 6 </b>Junction box attached to the sterilizer</i></div>
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After the junction box was installed I attached the individual ballasts to the back of the sterilizer.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_1F8lyry1OKJFNgyo1GSSnGY_lS9JQfZ01awg6OOpmggZFxNERgmQU1lVW-loVcyosZbRjR1oiDT6DA-FxwmNNnsyNtjd2t2StFraC-ZlQh1nkl2ZxYQZB1xsQrWkO7Vi7kDWR09rRGM/s1600/sterilizer_07.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_1F8lyry1OKJFNgyo1GSSnGY_lS9JQfZ01awg6OOpmggZFxNERgmQU1lVW-loVcyosZbRjR1oiDT6DA-FxwmNNnsyNtjd2t2StFraC-ZlQh1nkl2ZxYQZB1xsQrWkO7Vi7kDWR09rRGM/s320/sterilizer_07.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 7 </b>Philips LPL-5-9 ballasts</i></div>
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Next I screwed down and wired the sockets for the germicidal bulbs. These particular bulbs required a G23 base. These can be found on Amazon for a few dollars. After the bulb bases were installed I drilled small holes for the wire from the ballasts and the neutral buss.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCnb1BdF8INsw4XvjK1KPuXiXfJW5HcPc61e9L90SYExEiIArZw-Sl6IA6ACAl_9DxwaZFlBAw4eyjxBOv_5oaON6CeEhCXYOcX7zNgf3rxzlCmWzjyVfIGYYyTqTBkoRRQI1aQRDGpvM/s1600/sterilizer_08.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCnb1BdF8INsw4XvjK1KPuXiXfJW5HcPc61e9L90SYExEiIArZw-Sl6IA6ACAl_9DxwaZFlBAw4eyjxBOv_5oaON6CeEhCXYOcX7zNgf3rxzlCmWzjyVfIGYYyTqTBkoRRQI1aQRDGpvM/s320/sterilizer_08.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 8 </b>Basses for G23 bulbs</i></div>
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I used a couple of wire in-baskets to suspend anything being sterilized over the top of the bulbs. This helps to optimize UV-C coverage and reduces fire risk by keeping objects being sterilized away from the bulbs.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZjCzFEen9EoCfe-KFlcZfpfn7iTgq2FBWnPkk8eYQXnI2fNY62BFqJJA8hE6IJ_eTzjOVF8ZOvGCNOnMLLYD7SbT7TDYp1w_U3I8_ij_g9OFJYwXMv_7gdUobuupXFTXPJ2fRemGZPFs/s1600/sterilizer_09.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZjCzFEen9EoCfe-KFlcZfpfn7iTgq2FBWnPkk8eYQXnI2fNY62BFqJJA8hE6IJ_eTzjOVF8ZOvGCNOnMLLYD7SbT7TDYp1w_U3I8_ij_g9OFJYwXMv_7gdUobuupXFTXPJ2fRemGZPFs/s320/sterilizer_09.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<i><b>Fig. 9 </b>Wire baskets installed</i></div>
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Wiring at the back can now be completed. This includes running power from the junction box to the 2S electrical that I attached on the side. It is also time to put the cover on the black junction box. The 2S box houses the timer that will turn the germicidal lamps off after a sterilization time is selected. The timer I installed is a simple spring wound timer that can be set from 1 to 15 minutes. I have ordered a digital timer that has pre-set buttons for 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Both of these were found on Amazon.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMmUebEIfuEXONFenBRocYgWjROqSkqFbMJHmg_jy00mR0dKlLyF1s23SCxfE3CHDYM8fyeo_27-UyWil567P6AyaTgfuETfIUKP66sKRHYRmoXHyTY0uhITjmPExJ3xPI4lxcuwwlXU/s1600/sterilizer_10.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuMmUebEIfuEXONFenBRocYgWjROqSkqFbMJHmg_jy00mR0dKlLyF1s23SCxfE3CHDYM8fyeo_27-UyWil567P6AyaTgfuETfIUKP66sKRHYRmoXHyTY0uhITjmPExJ3xPI4lxcuwwlXU/s320/sterilizer_10.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fig. 10 </b>Caption for picture 10</i></div>
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<div class="main" style="text-align: justify;">
The G23 sockets are installed and wired to the top of the box. After they are wired the top can be attached to the top of the enclosure.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRr3QjGcTHt43lV8m2RFNWBiA_ERJ_nhM0jsSd2iYsEwo1_2jTCcwfRcX-bW26zfsh1Mls3JzBpbzj2INcgs9qXSVSEHe_JHe-3edJLP3RWv0Anp-GFIOGykSx4wC7v6ajl_Jf5pPtbU/s1600/sterilizer_11.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1365" data-original-width="1024" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcRr3QjGcTHt43lV8m2RFNWBiA_ERJ_nhM0jsSd2iYsEwo1_2jTCcwfRcX-bW26zfsh1Mls3JzBpbzj2INcgs9qXSVSEHe_JHe-3edJLP3RWv0Anp-GFIOGykSx4wC7v6ajl_Jf5pPtbU/s320/sterilizer_11.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fig. 11 </b>G23 sockets installed to top</i></div>
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<div class="main" style="text-align: justify;">
With everything wired it was time to test the bulbs. Again, I wore welding goggles during the very short test.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHG2rnEn2z2S8Wpy-CTdiQtt0hZb9svFGIOvCQTkAbvScsQzeuusHuyBfvhsXk9Uk1MoI3tGPWb_z1SK_kO2bI7GsWDTwUm1-K1fh1VvK8y-2Mjnvr68Qo6E91sdYqWE8DRwjT86pauM4/s1600/sterilizer_12.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHG2rnEn2z2S8Wpy-CTdiQtt0hZb9svFGIOvCQTkAbvScsQzeuusHuyBfvhsXk9Uk1MoI3tGPWb_z1SK_kO2bI7GsWDTwUm1-K1fh1VvK8y-2Mjnvr68Qo6E91sdYqWE8DRwjT86pauM4/s320/sterilizer_12.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fig. 12 </b>Lamps energized</i></div>
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<div class="main" style="text-align: justify;">
I created a custom warning label based on OSHA samples found with Google Images. The size is based on a spare piece of Plexiglas I had in the junk box. I will provide a link to an SVG file that should work with almost any drawing program.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiSqjTzrtuM6qflx_u8IYxzUNEO2T9IecS_EdNSMFdWq7eZ6jvz3eohFDDJDlDo9wnYULBUP4EtKxc2g3d2FVWERoDjrUb0NXYb0ZXbsy2h2EpfdsTXJevasYNJ6RUKO9r5Wn1lZ_GhBE/s1600/sterilizer_13.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="393" data-original-width="1024" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiSqjTzrtuM6qflx_u8IYxzUNEO2T9IecS_EdNSMFdWq7eZ6jvz3eohFDDJDlDo9wnYULBUP4EtKxc2g3d2FVWERoDjrUb0NXYb0ZXbsy2h2EpfdsTXJevasYNJ6RUKO9r5Wn1lZ_GhBE/s320/sterilizer_13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fig. 13 </b>Custom OSHA warning label</i></div>
<br />
<div class="main" style="text-align: justify;">
The last step is to attach the warning label to the front door of the enclosure and then attach the hinges to the door and the door to the enclosure.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLViFFi_c_0_wo7bBDtRZYrOCpr3qUVofZ2KlszdcpDvSYvyjx5I9ZvpmBuvuanaFkcGWtpNjIZyzRhjxScbkgGo4ZreyaMmZBMzjWB6wi4o9T_PKIVFrQr7pSOnLlMn1zyAneqvCpZo/s1600/sterilizer_14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifLViFFi_c_0_wo7bBDtRZYrOCpr3qUVofZ2KlszdcpDvSYvyjx5I9ZvpmBuvuanaFkcGWtpNjIZyzRhjxScbkgGo4ZreyaMmZBMzjWB6wi4o9T_PKIVFrQr7pSOnLlMn1zyAneqvCpZo/s320/sterilizer_14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="caption" style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Fig. 14 </b>Completed UV-C sterilizer</i><br />
<i><br /></i>
<br />
<h1>
Resource Links</h1>
<ul style="text-align: start;">
<li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002YGS6RM/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o04_s01?ie=UTF8&psc=1" target="_blank">Timer 1 $10.10 on Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002WTC91K/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o03_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1" target="_blank">Timer 2 $28.41 on Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0030ZRDWA/ref=ppx_yo_dt_b_asin_title_o05_s00?ie=UTF8&psc=1" target="_blank">G23 Base $5.65 on Amazon</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/S-16052/3M-Single-Coated-Tape/3M-363-Aluminum-Foil-Tape-2-x-36-yds?pricode=WB2054&gadtype=pla&id=S-16052&gclid=Cj0KCQjwhZr1BRCLARIsALjRVQPBJ1bcpytzXe3bdh5RwY8eOR85tZMXwIl4j8uQtBi8Xor2bnWuCF4aAiW1EALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds" target="_blank">Foil Tape available at Home Depot, Uline, Lowes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://a89b8e4143ca50438f09-7c1706ba3fabeeda794725d88e4f5e57.ssl.cf2.rackcdn.com/spec_sheets/files/000/030/359/original/advance_lpl-5-9.pdf?1442966967" target="_blank">LP-5-9 Ballast data sheet</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.nutsvolts.com/magazine/article/uv-sanitizer-2-more-powerful-anti-viral-chamber?utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&utm_content=86225128&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-8w_RC2fTsCvEMvgV6eqqvPxzLywwYLM5TJV83e8GEJlk1YdXIjx6VIqv8a4vTLIlfLHGF0t0n-6iRz4jX902vMnz2s9g&_hsmi=86225128" target="_blank">Nuts & Volts article - <b>UV SANITIZER 2: MORE POWERFUL ANTI-VIRAL CHAMBER</b></a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.light-sources.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Germicidal_Lamp_Basics_-_2013.pdf" target="_blank">Germicidal Lamp Basics</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/GermGuardian-EV9LB-9W-9-watt-Premium-Compatible-UV-110V-UVC-Bulb-/283481684412" target="_blank">eBay Bulb I used</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ebay.com/itm/Advance-LPL-5-9R-Transformer-Fluorescent-120V-Ballast-for-4W-5W-6W-7W-8W-9W-Lamp/152806424613?hash=item2393f90025:g:JYUAAOSwv-ZaHasp" target="_blank">eBay LP-5-9 Ballast</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.repairfaq.org/sam/flamp.htm#fltoc" target="_blank">FAQ: Fluorescent Lamps, Ballasts, and Fixtures</a></li>
<li><a href="https://youtu.be/P5HsKmTTa-c" target="_blank">You Tube: DIY UV disinfection box for N95 masks</a></li>
<li><a href="https://youtu.be/o_S1H7hPymQ" target="_blank">You Tube: Kill COVID-19 with a UVC Light Sanitizer</a></li>
<li><a href="http://glydeck.com/blogResources/UV_Lable.svg" target="_blank">Warning Label SVG version</a></li>
<li><a href="http://glydeck.com/blogResources/UV_Lable.pdf" target="_blank">Warning Label PDF version</a></li>
<li><a href="http://glydeck.com/blogResources/UVC_Sterilizer.pdf" target="_blank">This page as a pdf</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-17269600660405605762013-09-05T09:48:00.006-07:002020-12-04T15:00:24.541-08:00Modeling Molecules<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Most of us remember making
the models of molecules by snapping together multicolored plastic spheres.</span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgRAg1rVbPs8zo7Fcr4fBq5-7ZZP3asd6_Aum0q8g_Nq8A07lUhAwpLhqabcjb9pv5InofohynGXAyCoTa1sjYCMAqq19OAwvcAytZKqh8M54UZj_JvLSfk4XyZoNLV5homBGesapCyZI/s1600/Molymod-MKO-VSEPR-14.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgRAg1rVbPs8zo7Fcr4fBq5-7ZZP3asd6_Aum0q8g_Nq8A07lUhAwpLhqabcjb9pv5InofohynGXAyCoTa1sjYCMAqq19OAwvcAytZKqh8M54UZj_JvLSfk4XyZoNLV5homBGesapCyZI/s320/Molymod-MKO-VSEPR-14.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Inspired by this childhood
experience I decided to attempt the virtual version using Python and Blender. The secondary motive was to gain some
proficiency in reading and parsing data from a text file using Python and then
use Blender to do the rendering of the molecule. The first thing I needed was some data to
parse using Python. I was happy to
discover that the data I needed for the molecules was available at the </span><i style="font-family: Arial;">Protein Data Bank</i><span style="font-family: Arial;">. Initial development and parsing of the text
data was done using IDLE, Python's Integrated Development Environment. After I was satisfied with my ability to read
and parse text data I moved my script into Blender. Here you can see Blender in the scripting
mode.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghp8Xnr1TE7DP_CZMhyphenhyphenVd1MaX4dO09IntY1MK-NnBvXtNJWNkr56VcgEAgjKq5uolSp2P1pjOKlor19VNi0fI3duvDT6UKT_WatJI9DadJaXW4YYXW8oJrA1szOUh-XBzlvJ8_pEd03DM/s1600/BlenderInScriptingMode.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghp8Xnr1TE7DP_CZMhyphenhyphenVd1MaX4dO09IntY1MK-NnBvXtNJWNkr56VcgEAgjKq5uolSp2P1pjOKlor19VNi0fI3duvDT6UKT_WatJI9DadJaXW4YYXW8oJrA1szOUh-XBzlvJ8_pEd03DM/s320/BlenderInScriptingMode.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">You can see from the screen
capture where Line 22 of the script points to the text file that contains the
molecule data. In this case I’m drawing
a picture of an LSD molecule. After
running the script I wanted to create a nice 3D image of my molecule. Using Blender in the Default mode I set up a
stage for the molecule to be rendered on.
Here is how the image of the LSD molecule turned out.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJoLDGm6YrR-7yUBRqNoYT46BuNWnH6YwFO0TERkmBMzfa4KnIGdogMhrCQHNM9gs6UOpIExMrQ6YNWQd7GCCvO6CJXIMNKEZnmfh_lSHzuEPnkCp_HaGTMdkoIPklfc7OZjgr56z1agU/s1600/lsd_on_a+Table.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJoLDGm6YrR-7yUBRqNoYT46BuNWnH6YwFO0TERkmBMzfa4KnIGdogMhrCQHNM9gs6UOpIExMrQ6YNWQd7GCCvO6CJXIMNKEZnmfh_lSHzuEPnkCp_HaGTMdkoIPklfc7OZjgr56z1agU/s320/lsd_on_a+Table.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">If you want to try this on
your own you can download the scripts and text file data from this web
page. In the example on this page I created a
complete 3D model and animation of a short piece of DNA. All of it can be downloaded from this URL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://glydeck.com/DNA/DNA.html">http://glydeck.com/DNA/DNA.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">This page also contains
links to the Protein Data Bank, as well as information about the color and size
of the individual atoms. I’ll try to
update the page adding CSV files of different molecules when I create them from
the protein database files. You can also find the code on GIT Hub using this link<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif"><a href="https://github.com/glydeck/MoloculeParser">https://github.com/glydeck/MoloculeParser</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment-->glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-21248602709354454812013-01-13T11:36:00.001-08:002020-12-04T18:16:27.728-08:00Cold War Artifact<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">When my friend Curtis
visited me last week he surprised me with this cold war artifact possibly from
the late 50s early 60s.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He picked
it up at the museum in Los Alamos, New Mexico.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Initially, none of us recognized the device or knew what its
purpose was.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I sent this picture
to my daughter and she suggested this was worthy of blog post.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Opening up the box only
deepened the mystery when I was greeted with a circuit board containing flash
light bulbs, resistors, diodes, one transistor and a transformer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was also a place for a single D
Cell battery. There was a tantalizing clue to the devices purpose when I
discovered a sticker on the inside with a schematic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial;">Here is a closer view of the
interior of the case and the schematic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Using Google and the number
CD V-750 that appeared on both the outside of the box and the interior sticker
the manual for the device was located.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://glydeck.com/blogResources/ieh750-5b.pdf">http://glydeck.com/blogResources/ieh750-5b.pdf</a></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial;">Using Photoshop I was able
to create a better image of the schematic.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</div>
<h4>
<span style="font-family: Arial;">So what is it?</span></h4>
<br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">The operating and
maintenance manual explained everything, including the purpose of the device,
how it worked and how to fix it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The yellow box is a Radiological Dosimeter Charger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s used to charge, or ‘zero’ a quartz
fiber dosimeter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This style of
dosimeter is essentially a small electroscope, and the quartz fiber is a
delicate gold plated indicator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This quartz fiber indicator is inside a small airtight ionization
chamber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The ends of this chamber
are transparent so that the fiber can be viewed with a built in microscope, and
compared to the built in reticule to determine the charge on the fiber.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To reset a dosimeter of this type
requires 150 to 200 volts.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
</div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">With the manual in hand I
wondered if this charger was still functional.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The circuit is very straightforward and is actually a simple
switching supply used to generate the high voltage from a D Cell battery.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Transistor Q1, capacitor C1, and transformer
T1 primary windings create an oscillator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The output of that oscillator is stepped up through the transformer
where it is rectified by CR1 and</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"> filtered by </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">C2 to create the high DC potential.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Potentiometer R2 and resistor R3 create a voltage
divider.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The wiper of R2 creates
an adjustable output voltage to reset the dosimeter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In this picture you can see the printout of the manual showing the waveform at the anode of CR1, the
D Cell, and the jumper used to bypass S1 to activate the circuit.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br /></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>What about the light
bulbs?</b></span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><b> </b> </span>The light bulb that is lit
is used to read the dosimeter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
other bulb is simply a spare held in a rubber grommet.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0cVmvLEMvexXzK9we5aJkvShZlDTU3XHZ59V7MusKqg0idvqUhEgmjw60Idsvpi7UAuQL_LmdOcxS_fjtgQ6C_oi5yJNdJXli_jbqnihQ1uvfaEMUEmi8XIVti-pDC9R6R9PcbWOGGs/s1600/CD_V-750_05.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgC0cVmvLEMvexXzK9we5aJkvShZlDTU3XHZ59V7MusKqg0idvqUhEgmjw60Idsvpi7UAuQL_LmdOcxS_fjtgQ6C_oi5yJNdJXli_jbqnihQ1uvfaEMUEmi8XIVti-pDC9R6R9PcbWOGGs/s320/CD_V-750_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">What could be better than to
test the charger with a vintage instrument from the same era?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I used my Tektronix 535A tube
oscilloscope to view the waveform at the anode of CR1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> You can see that the waveform is nearly identical to the waveform shown in figure three of the manual. </span>Each large division on the oscilloscope
reticule is 10 microseconds.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVQg7tdT0C1dvbACNtlRVXtl7o-Jn-Boz4SnUHrpCj9gEJtxJMhv8x5DJ0MeiG1hh6Hod5nFD_Kw4iFCZtam6OMpXlsfDE0dJDjJKyQ3wS7juDcx8I6r_m9ajPN3tGDO0RSzDxGXOAm6E/s1600/CD_V-750_06.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVQg7tdT0C1dvbACNtlRVXtl7o-Jn-Boz4SnUHrpCj9gEJtxJMhv8x5DJ0MeiG1hh6Hod5nFD_Kw4iFCZtam6OMpXlsfDE0dJDjJKyQ3wS7juDcx8I6r_m9ajPN3tGDO0RSzDxGXOAm6E/s320/CD_V-750_06.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">A more exact reading was
taken with a digital scope.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">The
period of the transistor oscillator is 36.26 microseconds, or about 27.6
KHz.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">The ringing between each major
pulse had a period of 5.8 microseconds, or about 172.4 KHz.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">So it does work!</span></div>
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHC2RrsjBz9xyn0joH6WY8OsmLWhBuvcAux44UKlnPv7PqEi8GxyceN0tCeXN_Z3jcAgg6FCQ7_r6iqwrGR-dcmA7sfDNVZ7om3A4KoLjeqm6YgZzUZoeErSHbxMxpU0U5r1EJHt3Uoc/s1600/CD_V-750_07.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHC2RrsjBz9xyn0joH6WY8OsmLWhBuvcAux44UKlnPv7PqEi8GxyceN0tCeXN_Z3jcAgg6FCQ7_r6iqwrGR-dcmA7sfDNVZ7om3A4KoLjeqm6YgZzUZoeErSHbxMxpU0U5r1EJHt3Uoc/s320/CD_V-750_07.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">
</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial; font-weight: bold;">One last observation...</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Opening the cover let out
the unique aroma of 50s Science and Science fiction movies.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></div>
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glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-84992646061100502662013-01-07T15:11:00.000-08:002013-01-13T12:56:04.928-08:00More Junk Box Astronomy & the Transit of Venus<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I thought it would be a good idea to do my intended post
about the Transit of Venus before it happens again.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Of course that won’t happen in our lifetime since the next
two transits of Venus will happen in December 10–11, 2117, and in December 2125.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>My inspiration for this post was based
on my reading of the book by Andrea Wulf “Chasing Venus”. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWxX-fIeV7ilmL0BF7ACCR8zjwlNDxy1eTpmtq5PXIcp-yT3EOTu9v4jusV-lNiauMDxTf-QrM8rM7wr6-Cgo41wprf_q1XWZjAmTd8isEH6Nwr0k7CKrR8WYrx-j-rcrlAFJnO99sY88/s1600/ChasingVenus.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWxX-fIeV7ilmL0BF7ACCR8zjwlNDxy1eTpmtq5PXIcp-yT3EOTu9v4jusV-lNiauMDxTf-QrM8rM7wr6-Cgo41wprf_q1XWZjAmTd8isEH6Nwr0k7CKrR8WYrx-j-rcrlAFJnO99sY88/s320/ChasingVenus.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The book brings to life what was the first big international
scientific collaboration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sir
Edmund Halley, knowing that he would not be alive to see the results, postulated
that by accurate measurement the physical size of the solar system could be
determined.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He encouraged his
younger contemporaries to undertake the adventure that would take them to the
far ends of the earth to make their measurements. Here you can see what was predicted for the transit of 1761.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGdOwHzeva0eRoH9fJTjAin151SVgkX5IdIpoWdRB9NvgypTHXMbEGw30gFKWuAB2dHx54OYEqnxzCnECrOjgtf3XUMGvAnHZ-zy1Qm60CxNjSXKWijAxRJsWsZzOzj8cOFVat34gamfw/s1600/VenusTransit_1761.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGdOwHzeva0eRoH9fJTjAin151SVgkX5IdIpoWdRB9NvgypTHXMbEGw30gFKWuAB2dHx54OYEqnxzCnECrOjgtf3XUMGvAnHZ-zy1Qm60CxNjSXKWijAxRJsWsZzOzj8cOFVat34gamfw/s320/VenusTransit_1761.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">For us, our adventure led us to the top of the parking
structure at the office where I work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Using the same set up that I had used just a few weeks earlier to view
the partial eclipse of the Sun by the Moon we waited for Venus to appear in
front of the Sun. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Pj3uvL5whlx-n9jizRbPr_MMtLhwTsuZbrbQ4UqPr_I8CAJeEyQgioEXeSdxZhdQSZbUvsGCBlLbQU1TSfqS4YqwWplVYlp-Wr3Tov80VX0PDeWQULQ35L-rWmddWTVYAXXu2Uywfv0/s1600/VenusTransit_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1Pj3uvL5whlx-n9jizRbPr_MMtLhwTsuZbrbQ4UqPr_I8CAJeEyQgioEXeSdxZhdQSZbUvsGCBlLbQU1TSfqS4YqwWplVYlp-Wr3Tov80VX0PDeWQULQ35L-rWmddWTVYAXXu2Uywfv0/s320/VenusTransit_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this projected image both Venus and Sun spots can be easily
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seen.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The large fuzzy ring in the projection is an artifact of the
folded optic system used by the telescope. only one person asked why Venus did not catch fire...</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZrvq5em7eSWFVgQJohHzoTNsgw6Qo5j4qDsTb6DphyphenhyphenYw0hqee5bfiqDyBoyI3uQmp1Na0nM8enMp502RDKSJ-MabnZ48cumbJIzd1kCCzb6zmxnsu8P_lxvkflzQIqMdghYRzLJY87s/s1600/VenusTransit_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtZrvq5em7eSWFVgQJohHzoTNsgw6Qo5j4qDsTb6DphyphenhyphenYw0hqee5bfiqDyBoyI3uQmp1Na0nM8enMp502RDKSJ-MabnZ48cumbJIzd1kCCzb6zmxnsu8P_lxvkflzQIqMdghYRzLJY87s/s320/VenusTransit_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">One of us brought the darkest of welding goggles.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> This did work, but </span>Venus was barley visible since there
was no magnification with this method.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHUCEs17rbyJykArjj3z2mRjoNDS-IrDjRieB5CgWzvL3jwb4SD50v4MI9nWSuMmtriqd7qUaOoYM6vjUCE8X-h3h-D3lxi7WsLiV1S81UEpNYXWA8HQYFp6soTBiiEqp1cmGXgmZOhE/s1600/VenusTransit_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoHUCEs17rbyJykArjj3z2mRjoNDS-IrDjRieB5CgWzvL3jwb4SD50v4MI9nWSuMmtriqd7qUaOoYM6vjUCE8X-h3h-D3lxi7WsLiV1S81UEpNYXWA8HQYFp6soTBiiEqp1cmGXgmZOhE/s320/VenusTransit_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In this Green image the goggles were simply placed over the
eye piece of the telescope and the picture was taken with a phone camera.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We had to work quickly since the
focused rays of the Sun on the goggles heated them to very high temperatures
within a minute of exposure.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mhQtg-VWEKI48h2Fj15eVA4n2Cx1qe46VjN2kqFF1tCdIUwYQc_o5OsDlkXrBQE1-bXLjapvubdb-MSRMSCTmthvUrujk7hkp-dXR6vyeORRUvBRSzDU-nB7peqlFfLE5cLk819TZVU/s1600/VenusTransit_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1mhQtg-VWEKI48h2Fj15eVA4n2Cx1qe46VjN2kqFF1tCdIUwYQc_o5OsDlkXrBQE1-bXLjapvubdb-MSRMSCTmthvUrujk7hkp-dXR6vyeORRUvBRSzDU-nB7peqlFfLE5cLk819TZVU/s320/VenusTransit_04.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-44969004719325540132012-05-20T20:24:00.002-07:002012-05-20T20:24:25.208-07:00Eclipse Viewing with Junk Box PartsBackyard astronomy is always fun, and it doesn't get much better than a solar eclipse. I set up my small spotting scope today for neighborhood kids to safely view the eclipse. One of the safest ways that I know of is to use the telescope to project an image of the eclipse on to a screen. Here is the screen I built from aluminum from the hardware store and a small piece of foam core available from any office supply store.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWYsTs-cN1XEcHKnnNuGWYvmWxAx_vY0_98a7m9WnX9EnDL_lXp20xHSbI1SKTLn4cZeBj6R_AUQy7Ql-TMdBQvdJJOchUVUmWlV50IQha3FRdiB85hqrHPfXFKGlvUVvmLjnzzekI2f0/s1600/Screen.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWYsTs-cN1XEcHKnnNuGWYvmWxAx_vY0_98a7m9WnX9EnDL_lXp20xHSbI1SKTLn4cZeBj6R_AUQy7Ql-TMdBQvdJJOchUVUmWlV50IQha3FRdiB85hqrHPfXFKGlvUVvmLjnzzekI2f0/s320/Screen.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
I also used a simple clock drive I built using a wide assortment of junk box parts. The design was mostly based on adapting the other parts to the found worm drive.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq7I4_ljWMc7nXd-hScHiP28LP249pmaMTcH5e9kaOWRSCmSpmeTTX4uTfKo7JU1X8xcrpL4Ex1qhrcyabnv0wGGklBMrjIfM-ZFiT3quhjP27lnB3nvRme17BPvv0mmqg0coUXXTBoE/s1600/Telescope+Drive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlq7I4_ljWMc7nXd-hScHiP28LP249pmaMTcH5e9kaOWRSCmSpmeTTX4uTfKo7JU1X8xcrpL4Ex1qhrcyabnv0wGGklBMrjIfM-ZFiT3quhjP27lnB3nvRme17BPvv0mmqg0coUXXTBoE/s320/Telescope+Drive.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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With a way to project the image on to a screen and a clock drive that would compensate for the earths motion I was ready to watch the eclipse. Here you can see all the parts coming together. The added lead dive weight is used to take out slop in the gears of the drive train. This picture was taken just as the eclipse was starting.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieixYFXdfudgVefy2X9KFCjBoP8BBFkdOUqtreiK2E2Wo7khuLnyTtfTiZboEXvVr9Pj4feUo0s9wKNVlFNqMdVI0peEcZ4n2Znr012gkQzuhTReO5w57kqZ5BzEss8ZIBnjRyHsKzzFo/s1600/Eclipse_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieixYFXdfudgVefy2X9KFCjBoP8BBFkdOUqtreiK2E2Wo7khuLnyTtfTiZboEXvVr9Pj4feUo0s9wKNVlFNqMdVI0peEcZ4n2Znr012gkQzuhTReO5w57kqZ5BzEss8ZIBnjRyHsKzzFo/s320/Eclipse_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This picture was taken right at the height of the solar eclipse event. The air was noticeably cooler and ambient light was less.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGHLuesPJ2CZnb6qT_o8Sfr47LckpDMcaZh-vVVeRfikie3iAP2gCYAVzniuoPq4hGEfRLD0ibdEMgX92nZ3Cyj8LwEHesBDbvVWexfSSQSLkvbyOsTaKzsGDh_jQlMoLdxTxcUj8KNs/s1600/Eclipse_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivGHLuesPJ2CZnb6qT_o8Sfr47LckpDMcaZh-vVVeRfikie3iAP2gCYAVzniuoPq4hGEfRLD0ibdEMgX92nZ3Cyj8LwEHesBDbvVWexfSSQSLkvbyOsTaKzsGDh_jQlMoLdxTxcUj8KNs/s320/Eclipse_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-38919800210895752422012-05-06T09:47:00.000-07:002013-01-13T14:09:48.906-08:00Additional Pentode Information<style>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I finally got around to posting additional details of the miniature pentode test fixture, including a schematic and list of tubes. Although I built the test fixture primarily to work with 6AU6 tubes the pinout of that tube is so common that just like the dual triode test fixture there is a long list of other tube types that can be tested. There are basically three basing diagrams that can be used with this fixture. Here are the three bas diagrams and the list of tubes that should be supported.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDIcPgszFReGtSCvece6hfIug_-xafs_ZRtjq4Bqkp2pIHQ07qUd8xzdX_0sJ1n1Ik5K5br1-2vKZ5vjaCS1mtovU8yZUUJvflj2HqWAgDwyl87_OOeDdwt32uh1sDyALALQDyslFP5Ic/s1600/PentodeBase.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDIcPgszFReGtSCvece6hfIug_-xafs_ZRtjq4Bqkp2pIHQ07qUd8xzdX_0sJ1n1Ik5K5br1-2vKZ5vjaCS1mtovU8yZUUJvflj2HqWAgDwyl87_OOeDdwt32uh1sDyALALQDyslFP5Ic/s320/PentodeBase.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
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<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; table-layout: fixed; width: 363px;"><colgroup><col span="3" width="121"></col> </colgroup><tbody>
<tr height="17"> <td class="xl24" height="17" width="121">Tube</td> <td class="xl25" width="121">Heater Voltage</td> <td class="xl24" width="121">Diagram</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">EF95</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">EF93</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6JH6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6JH6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6HZ6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7EN</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6HS6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6GY6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7EN</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6GX6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7EN</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6GM6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6EW6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6DT6A</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7EN</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6DK6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6DE6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6DC6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6CF6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6CE5</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6CB6A</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6BZ6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6BJ6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6BH6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6BC5</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6BA6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6AU6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6AK6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6AK5</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6AH6</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">6AG5</td> <td class="xl38">6.3 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BD</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">12EK6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">12DZ6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">12CX6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">12BZ6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="13"> <td class="xl38" height="13">12BL6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="13"> <td class="xl38" height="13">12BD6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="13"> <td class="xl38" height="13">12BA6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="13"> <td class="xl38" height="13">12AW6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="13"> <td class="xl38" height="13">12AU6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7BK</td> </tr>
<tr height="14"> <td class="xl38" height="14">12AF6</td> <td class="xl38">12.6 VAC</td> <td class="xl38">7CM</td> </tr>
<tr height="16"> <td height="16" style="text-align: left;"><br />
Here is the schematic of the Pentode test fixture<br />
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glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-1422752699195544882012-03-23T16:27:00.001-07:002012-03-23T17:00:46.975-07:00More DIY IR Jammer<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I did breadboard and test the DIY IR jammer last weekend but it’s taken me this long to carve out a minute to post the results. The schematic is correct and only took a few minutes to re-create on the plugboard. For power I used a small bench supply set to 6 volts to duplicate four AA cells. When I powered up the circuit it oscillated just as predicted, but the frequency of oscillation did not agree with LT Spice. The first time I entered in the schematic I just picked an arbitrary Op Amp from those provided by Linear Technology. That is what caused the discrepancy. I tracked down a TL082 model and that provided results that are nearly identical to the actual circuit. Here is a screen shot of the LT Spice schematic including the spice directives used to add the external model.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYdqijjvrA7gt1uBL5N4bAZ4H4h4IhiB9NQK_xx7fxZYx1DiGtBCc85xquJgEAEJLpV2TlxDA1P6o4NjSCI_V_RJh5WwzVjdBgcpBmhu7oyUcU0K9wPPU98D8VFcq35TeaTm3YQQ5p9o/s1600/Spice_1a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYdqijjvrA7gt1uBL5N4bAZ4H4h4IhiB9NQK_xx7fxZYx1DiGtBCc85xquJgEAEJLpV2TlxDA1P6o4NjSCI_V_RJh5WwzVjdBgcpBmhu7oyUcU0K9wPPU98D8VFcq35TeaTm3YQQ5p9o/s320/Spice_1a.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">So the lesson here is use the correct model for accurate results. I’m including the TL082 model I used in the body of the post. Just copy and paste it into a text file adding a .sub extension if you want to do your own simulation.<o:p></o:p></span></div><h3><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">TL082 Spice Model</span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"></span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">*****************************************************</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* TL082 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER "MACROMODEL" SUBCIRCUIT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* CREATED USING PARTS RELEASE 4.01 ON 06/16/89 AT 13:08</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* (REV N/A) SUPPLY VOLTAGE: +/-15V</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* CONNECTIONS: NON-INVERTING INPUT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* | INVERTING INPUT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* | | POSITIVE POWER SUPPLY</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* | | | NEGATIVE POWER SUPPLY</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* | | | | OUTPUT</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">* | | | | |</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">.SUBCKT TL082 1 2 3 4 5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">*</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> C1 11 12 3.498E-12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> C2 6 7 15.00E-12</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> DC 5 53 DX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> DE 54 5 DX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> DLP 90 91 DX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> DLN 92 90 DX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> DP 4 3 DX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> EGND 99 0 POLY(2) (3,0) (4,0) 0 .5 .5</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> FB 7 99 POLY(5) VB VC VE VLP VLN 0 4.715E6 -5E6 5E6 5E6 -5E6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> GA 6 0 11 12 282.8E-6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> GCM 0 6 10 99 8.942E-9</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> ISS 3 10 DC 195.0E-6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> HLIM 90 0 VLIM 1K</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> J1 11 2 10 JX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> J2 12 1 10 JX</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> R2 6 9 100.0E3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RD1 4 11 3.536E3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RD2 4 12 3.536E3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RO1 8 5 150</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RO2 7 99 150</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RP 3 4 2.143E3</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> RSS 10 99 1.026E6</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VB 9 0 DC 0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VC 3 53 DC 2.200</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VE 54 4 DC 2.200</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VLIM 7 8 DC 0</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VLP 91 0 DC 25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;"> VLN 0 92 DC 25</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">.MODEL DX D(IS=800.0E-18)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">.MODEL JX PJF(IS=15.00E-12 BETA=270.1E-6 VTO=-1)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">.ENDS</span></div><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here is the revised spice plot followed by the actual waveforms that I recorded with my oscilloscope. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHHg0b1rFZrL1aDVbCy75VmQ6ktksyrlc_WaHDcG_4Z6Iwfys63flodsM7twIYS50FK6aJMS1fPiq0R_4R8I2i7TVBDcjUbNmbN1Igh9lr8EYxNhIZQmGAAFGXcC-Wzgmy7biRuBoV_U/s1600/TL082_Simulation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHHg0b1rFZrL1aDVbCy75VmQ6ktksyrlc_WaHDcG_4Z6Iwfys63flodsM7twIYS50FK6aJMS1fPiq0R_4R8I2i7TVBDcjUbNmbN1Igh9lr8EYxNhIZQmGAAFGXcC-Wzgmy7biRuBoV_U/s320/TL082_Simulation.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">It’s easy to see how well the simulation agrees with the hardware.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLkve46QzDXy8aUxihXRcNWPjP8riCx7i3TG96oPafrJn7JqijXGlRx8gIUdVDbW7QeFqTDDLfS2YL4ly-njUyYBxFm5CZuO4DkAeVPWk1c09WateWXNMeWrhWrJg7OfZisx1K51co-OE/s1600/ScopeData.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLkve46QzDXy8aUxihXRcNWPjP8riCx7i3TG96oPafrJn7JqijXGlRx8gIUdVDbW7QeFqTDDLfS2YL4ly-njUyYBxFm5CZuO4DkAeVPWk1c09WateWXNMeWrhWrJg7OfZisx1K51co-OE/s320/ScopeData.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I came up with two simple tests to confirm that the circuit was actually emitting infrared pulses. The first test was to simply point a video camera at the LEDs while the circuit was on. This picture shows this basic setup.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq9Rbk8CCA1f1qnnMsBn8EHjBREFa5Z1Y_3TNeDXdwE885k43c4CcoRcBQ5_vnCvDXByDjpXAGHtqN3X_ptP3T0bWha6cLdXVKwEg8g-OnIKosKj1lm2Y2YAoWDgIvIEYVoZL68c9_S4/s1600/IR_TestSetup-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUq9Rbk8CCA1f1qnnMsBn8EHjBREFa5Z1Y_3TNeDXdwE885k43c4CcoRcBQ5_vnCvDXByDjpXAGHtqN3X_ptP3T0bWha6cLdXVKwEg8g-OnIKosKj1lm2Y2YAoWDgIvIEYVoZL68c9_S4/s320/IR_TestSetup-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Even the cheapest of video cameras will show infrared light. The infrared light shows as a pale blue in this picture I took of the video monitor.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Bx5cgdmF11o0GG_XDdHbSE3Hf1I910RJp609sixC0vBnlxnHnH1XjetupGI_fsnmRWTj2bQ-Twgx6uzYaUFHwzivdZGj9rR0uUxCFZXilzVOARYmXcSQFo0TwAL-YhyphenhyphenEQWP7p0tZYt8/s1600/IR_Video.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2Bx5cgdmF11o0GG_XDdHbSE3Hf1I910RJp609sixC0vBnlxnHnH1XjetupGI_fsnmRWTj2bQ-Twgx6uzYaUFHwzivdZGj9rR0uUxCFZXilzVOARYmXcSQFo0TwAL-YhyphenhyphenEQWP7p0tZYt8/s320/IR_Video.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The next test was equally as easy and simply involved attaching a photodiode to an oscilloscope, and then pointing that photodiode at the IR LEDs. The resultant pulses can be easily seen here.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXYREECkhNX6O4iSio6RR3A6Bfxvm6E6PISsfC3-3xK0wwwWTelVwEuG46aLeYiw3kg_qvKHrBPIEx26c1bbHdtGseYnlX9yB1NBoX1YDz7XG0aQG2PQ52oNhCYsUqWSyUwTXlispLDGA/s1600/IR_TestSetup-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXYREECkhNX6O4iSio6RR3A6Bfxvm6E6PISsfC3-3xK0wwwWTelVwEuG46aLeYiw3kg_qvKHrBPIEx26c1bbHdtGseYnlX9yB1NBoX1YDz7XG0aQG2PQ52oNhCYsUqWSyUwTXlispLDGA/s320/IR_TestSetup-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><h3><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Did it work??</b></span></h3><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I took the lab supply with the plugboard on top into the living room and set it on the coffee table and flipped the power supply switch on. Admittedly my setup is not very covert, but it did successfully disable the remote's ability to change channels.<o:p></o:p></span></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-59465867572358206492012-03-15T12:57:00.001-07:002012-03-15T15:20:29.203-07:00DIY IR Jammer Missing Information<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">The <b>GREAT CREATE</b> at Radio Shack is truly a well-intentioned and worthwhile exercise for getting kids interested in electronics and technology.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">It harkens back to the Radio Shack I new as a child where I could find all the bits and pieces for my projects.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">I found a brochure in the local Radio Shack that supposedly provided instructions on building a infrared remote jammer.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<a href="http://www.radioshack.com/graphics/uc/rsk/Support/ProductManuals/RadioShack_DIY_March_POTM.pdf" target="_blank"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;">Link to Radio Shack Brochure</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I say supposedly because on closer inspection the brochure was filled with errors and missing information such that any kid trying to build it would have been met with disappointment and frustration.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Projects like this </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">done properly</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"> can be an inspiration that jumpstarts a career in science or engineering.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Improperly presented they can turn a young mind away from a potentially great learning experience. </span>With that in mind I posted the missing schematic and an explanation of how the circuit works, along with a spice simulation.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>The Schematic;</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">The schematic breaks down into two major blocks with the first being a relaxation oscillator built around the TLO82 FET opamp, and the second being a current driver that uses the BJT transistor to convert the output of the oscillator into current drive for the infrared light emitting diodes.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3KNWQvzUFSUuzKCCoLgJb4EEYZKdxzAMC3C-mMUa1EOJANY33Ol05EJE1aNpdU-nH-q1RFRmmbWlzjKvy2lgdT7eXWuVb_kcsCewt9DA5xjhuuXDXP3TDr_rWTrv46W-bzL9XVSplM8c/s1600/IR_Jammer_02a.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3KNWQvzUFSUuzKCCoLgJb4EEYZKdxzAMC3C-mMUa1EOJANY33Ol05EJE1aNpdU-nH-q1RFRmmbWlzjKvy2lgdT7eXWuVb_kcsCewt9DA5xjhuuXDXP3TDr_rWTrv46W-bzL9XVSplM8c/s320/IR_Jammer_02a.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>The relaxation oscillator</b> works by using the opamp as a comparator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The charging and discharging of the RC network comprised of R11, R10, and C3 which is fed into the inverting input of the opamp causing the output to change states positive to negative every time the node of R10 and C3 reaches the 3 volt compare point set on the non inverting input.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That 3 volt point is is set by the voltage divider R12 and R5.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>The diode driver </b>works by AC coupling the signal out of the opamp through C1 directly into the base of the transistor.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The resulting pulses drive the transistor from cutoff to near saturation. 10 ohm resistor R7 provides current limiting through the diodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span><br />
<b>Spice Simulation; </b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">All of this can be demonstrated by viewing the graph I created using LT Spice.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>LT Spice is one of the best free programs available for simulating electronic circuits and can be found on Linear Technologies Web site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I highly recommend it. As for the simulation it shows the first 200 microseconds of the circuit, at which point it reaches steady state oscillation. This graph shows the RC circuit in red, the opamp output in blue, and the diode current in green. I may take time this weekend to build up the circuit to see if it works and matches the simulation. If I do there will be pictures.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vGC0DxI-ry08_JBrsPW1zGE3tYrCtLNd5dNLX9M5-s5sG39ett_6mq3duZIOTRU0xeJA9C-Giq0ANnX07V_mptLaqpUMUXeOtUmXL4XOTOpMSj5P48JsI4kH_BMVq5FlCvGRB5t2BzM/s1600/RelaxationOscillatorWaveforms.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9vGC0DxI-ry08_JBrsPW1zGE3tYrCtLNd5dNLX9M5-s5sG39ett_6mq3duZIOTRU0xeJA9C-Giq0ANnX07V_mptLaqpUMUXeOtUmXL4XOTOpMSj5P48JsI4kH_BMVq5FlCvGRB5t2BzM/s320/RelaxationOscillatorWaveforms.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><b>Critique of the Brochure;</b></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><ol><li>The two pictures of the circuit are rotated 90 degrees making it difficult to trace out.</li>
<li>The shopping list is wrong and calls out only two 10k resistors, while the circuit requires 6 10 K resistors.</li>
<li>No schematic or no link to a schematic.</li>
<li>No explanation on how it works.</li>
</ol></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-91436075810798856762012-02-21T13:01:00.002-08:002012-02-21T15:13:59.504-08:00Testing Miniature Pentodes with the Tek 575<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This post is a follow on to my January 6<sup>th</sup> post “Testing Dual Triodes with the Tek 575”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With the great success of my dual triode test fixture making it possible to go through boxes of tubes I decided to take on making a fixture for the 6AU6 which is the next most common tube I encounter in much of the antique test equipment that I restore or repair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The 6AU6 is a miniature pentode and as such would require a screen grid supply of about 100 volts to test properly.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was torn between making a small switcher and just using back-to-back filament transformers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This was incentive enough for me to create a breadboard to test out the concept and to see what the volume would be of the components being used.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here is a picture of the breadboard under test.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bench supply is for the added digital meter used to monitor the screen grid supply.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht1a3lCZXGbr42C0a7CSvByXMwefs4O3aLHnYw2PihQq7ivaaIdwSPO2kecBvZIVMw7ZPT8Zpk8VGQmfrIThdyAkPkVu1PQ2qsuqWOfK_19c65CGTjMGaKB62AhhoUgDHLXRRLBElITuM/s1600/PTF_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEht1a3lCZXGbr42C0a7CSvByXMwefs4O3aLHnYw2PihQq7ivaaIdwSPO2kecBvZIVMw7ZPT8Zpk8VGQmfrIThdyAkPkVu1PQ2qsuqWOfK_19c65CGTjMGaKB62AhhoUgDHLXRRLBElITuM/s320/PTF_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Once I was satisfied with the design and the performance I shoehorned it all into the same SERPAC A-42 enclosure that I had used to package the dual triode tester.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As you can see there was a lot more to fit inside, including the screen grid supply, 5 volt supply for the meter, and the meter.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also found it necessary to add ferrite beads to the wires coming from the Tek 575.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTyX46-h8Ek5QFo91GNtakzkgRwVtM1nn1c2Gp6DNqzRHJWeH_yFQGwmTrpxLMPTE1G4fY2o0ZWU1hn1Qh9eoCGPLKg7q9lkro7o4zVj79-WeIv8_Q1UWrlF7b8pR1lB-bLQGK2s3wCQ/s1600/PTF_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTyX46-h8Ek5QFo91GNtakzkgRwVtM1nn1c2Gp6DNqzRHJWeH_yFQGwmTrpxLMPTE1G4fY2o0ZWU1hn1Qh9eoCGPLKg7q9lkro7o4zVj79-WeIv8_Q1UWrlF7b8pR1lB-bLQGK2s3wCQ/s320/PTF_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here is the completed unit ready to go.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As with the previous test fixture power is supplied through a standard IEC power cord.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s also worth noting that I added a second 7-pin socket that allows me to switch between two tubes for the purpose of matching.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8oezO1nZlQGhqlWzmmTHvV4C5V151eGVwzGnm8iL7MCAiaZSIJ_Zd1TGDfGCpj4hO37mfubAZjnn6al3tCvmUmvJUST8AU-zaedwiXUsPtGL4tVEtSdItu-9qVrixv9V-hFqP7Z8_d80/s1600/PTF_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8oezO1nZlQGhqlWzmmTHvV4C5V151eGVwzGnm8iL7MCAiaZSIJ_Zd1TGDfGCpj4hO37mfubAZjnn6al3tCvmUmvJUST8AU-zaedwiXUsPtGL4tVEtSdItu-9qVrixv9V-hFqP7Z8_d80/s320/PTF_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This is a picture of the pentode test fixture in use.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiSBq9z5ZEmDEFtEVUbsD_JC1C0ljFC2XXPmIhfNahElobdKb3lUW2eXtgbvNaZcqAEoeYzpIyKLY-ybpKY4WPPGporFOovr8XUN7I57psVRKQHJU-6pqfMqTzyLPLGH1Tpcpsm40lGQ/s1600/PTF_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFiSBq9z5ZEmDEFtEVUbsD_JC1C0ljFC2XXPmIhfNahElobdKb3lUW2eXtgbvNaZcqAEoeYzpIyKLY-ybpKY4WPPGporFOovr8XUN7I57psVRKQHJU-6pqfMqTzyLPLGH1Tpcpsm40lGQ/s320/PTF_04.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here you can see that the results are quite nice and comparable to the data in the RCA tube manual. This picture was taken with a modified C-12 camera mount described in an earlier post on this blog.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuMdKTk97j__zR7Ndw0jqbSoyJ12vYPDykOfYCeBs5j8bC6PXOQpM6t890xPg_XD1zBLdCRdbB6KG7dZjIkgQhZ-VTG9HZcX2l6pHHvtWqlk9atUzrNiExZOYXzQi3nIUgy__f-ePuCMo/s1600/PTF_05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuMdKTk97j__zR7Ndw0jqbSoyJ12vYPDykOfYCeBs5j8bC6PXOQpM6t890xPg_XD1zBLdCRdbB6KG7dZjIkgQhZ-VTG9HZcX2l6pHHvtWqlk9atUzrNiExZOYXzQi3nIUgy__f-ePuCMo/s320/PTF_05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I was also pleased to discover that just like the dual triodes there is a large list of miniature pentodes that have the same or similar pinouts that can all be used with this fixture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I’ll add the list at the end of the documentation for this project just as I did for the dual triode fixture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It will most likely be posted on the Tek Scopes forum;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/TekScopes/">http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/TekScopes/</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">As usual if you decide to try this on your own I offer the following disclaimer:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: yellow;"><b>Some of the circuits described on this site use or generate potentially lethal electric currents and voltages, and if not treated with care, respect and intelligence, they can result in fatal injury. If you use the information on this site to kill yourself, your friends, family members, acquaintances, total strangers, pets, electronic devices or burn down your house, it is not my problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>That said, have fun!</b></span></span></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-48861061333091264072012-02-15T10:52:00.000-08:002012-02-15T10:53:41.521-08:00How Many Bits Can You Use?<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I have often wondered at what point the digital conversion process for audio reaches a point of demensishing returns, or at least unrealized expectations in the performance of the converters. We live in a noisey world, and even before digital audio noise in electronics has always been with us and has always been the enemy of dynamic range. Noises generated internally in electronic circuits are produced mostly by molecular activity. The random motion of electrons is directly related to the temperature of the conductors, and components that make up a circuit. That thermal noise generated is well understood and can be expressed in the equation as:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgANCgsmr20T49-XzouuUvDktHs9eWz4bdlYU_vrg8tRs6uRLZeJU0bR3sPBMIKRv2saFE1SnhOD-luXB3Hp1EqRez3ZpCe0aNs7xyYaR4xMz5x8wj1tWTiZp_xlgk4OonFjLJ6KvHEw/s1600/Equation01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="51" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgANCgsmr20T49-XzouuUvDktHs9eWz4bdlYU_vrg8tRs6uRLZeJU0bR3sPBMIKRv2saFE1SnhOD-luXB3Hp1EqRez3ZpCe0aNs7xyYaR4xMz5x8wj1tWTiZp_xlgk4OonFjLJ6KvHEw/s200/Equation01.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><strong>(eq. 1)</strong></span></div><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: x-small;"></span></span></b><br />
<div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: xx-small;">K = Boltzman’s constant 1.38 x 10 –23 joules per degree Kelvin</span></span></b></div><div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: xx-small;">T = absolute temperature in degrees Kelvin</span></span></b></div><div align="left"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New'; font-size: xx-small;">R = equivalent load resistance across which Et is measured</span></span></b></b></div><div align="left"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: xx-small;">Δ<b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';">f = bandwidth in Hertz</span></span></b></span></b></b></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800;"><br />
</span></span></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Substituting 293 degrees (room temperature in degrees Kelvin), 20 Khz bandwidth, and an r of 600Ω s Et can be calculated as .22 μvolts. Voltage can be solved for where Dbm is defined as one mili-watt across 600Ω. </span></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800;"><br />
</span><br />
<div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimWX17IR3nF1bF4Vu4-et0sVzsaqhSjYvka-5fwMhK3wlih3dMMKtxwBvgVGysryBHW-cqzeZV9sTHItCfF5fA26bO35xtgxjWULV3yK0buo9yhIQbz-yJKLACENB9HqESJbrI1gWe_3w/s1600/Equation02.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="50" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimWX17IR3nF1bF4Vu4-et0sVzsaqhSjYvka-5fwMhK3wlih3dMMKtxwBvgVGysryBHW-cqzeZV9sTHItCfF5fA26bO35xtgxjWULV3yK0buo9yhIQbz-yJKLACENB9HqESJbrI1gWe_3w/s200/Equation02.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div align="left"><div style="text-align: right;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 2)</span></b></b></div></div><div align="left"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br />
</span></b></b></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Solving this equation for a conversion from volts to DBm gives the equation:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLvlQmCCvcg9TbNub7LASJ-duNbX6JZhcmGKMjsIw7yOq3xFPeJtgzWfaAr9WfIWQD5ni4U_EKI7V-kFfPDgHqe8tlxSIeVEcqZODaxBocmrbicLvyo4T_xk1DWCv1Rn78JUXACSId8sc/s1600/Equation03.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="79" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLvlQmCCvcg9TbNub7LASJ-duNbX6JZhcmGKMjsIw7yOq3xFPeJtgzWfaAr9WfIWQD5ni4U_EKI7V-kFfPDgHqe8tlxSIeVEcqZODaxBocmrbicLvyo4T_xk1DWCv1Rn78JUXACSId8sc/s200/Equation03.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div align="left"><div style="text-align: right;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 3)</span></b></b></div></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Inserting the .22 micro volts gives a noise floor of -130.9 db. From here the number of bits required to digitize information can be calculated.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEAqlMjhgm9uGDj3j56MUOwmNA3bcKt6ex0nT_VZTIAJY4t-jlF9uLv8fdKXzxqZ0QgXj6pKQGiIMZm4O-JMeOI8yIjYmvrGALi96dWRVZ-GJiWA-LzGZQKgf8NY32bXNSjJ7vNmMYrA/s1600/Equation04.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglEAqlMjhgm9uGDj3j56MUOwmNA3bcKt6ex0nT_VZTIAJY4t-jlF9uLv8fdKXzxqZ0QgXj6pKQGiIMZm4O-JMeOI8yIjYmvrGALi96dWRVZ-GJiWA-LzGZQKgf8NY32bXNSjJ7vNmMYrA/s200/Equation04.png" width="200" /></a></div></div><div align="left"><div style="text-align: right;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 4)</span></b></b></div></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This works out to <b>21.8 bits</b>. The digital resolution based on the number of bits can be solved for with the formula:</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XdbmSODUVeer9smKrlTM9K7z8VCpuNQP4xJSMGPi6qtZfTNcshY3MfCr_A6xoCpqgaLdpYwD8WcfMaFIZxPCmlQqo0P6gvubfhu4KtwzTTggQk_6ZvUfMWaH8yEBBDAvRfiu6t1b73c/s1600/Equation05.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="35" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_XdbmSODUVeer9smKrlTM9K7z8VCpuNQP4xJSMGPi6qtZfTNcshY3MfCr_A6xoCpqgaLdpYwD8WcfMaFIZxPCmlQqo0P6gvubfhu4KtwzTTggQk_6ZvUfMWaH8yEBBDAvRfiu6t1b73c/s200/Equation05.png" width="200" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 12px;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 5)</span></b></b></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-weight: 800;"></span></span><br />
<div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span">If we could create a converter that defied the laws of physics, and in particular the laws of </span>thermo dynamics, one could expect a 24-bit converter to have a dynamic range of 144 db. Remember, that at 96 kHz sampling the delta f is doubled increasing the noise floor to .<b>311 </b>μ<b>volts </b>or a dynamic range of <b>127.9 db</b>, which would require <b>21.3 bits</b>. For a 192 kHz sample rate the bandwidth is about 80 kHz, raising the noise floor to .<b>44 </b>μ<b>volts</b>. Dynamic range is <b>124.9 db</b>, with <b>20.8 bits </b>as the theoretical limit.</span></span></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">It’s also important to note that these are calculations based on an ideal noise free environment and do not include any provision for shot noise. Like thermal noise, shot noise is a function of the electron charge, the magnitude of the current, and the bandwidth of the circuit under test. This noise occurs at boundaries where the conducted electron must cross from one type of material to another. This would include things like Vacuum tubes and solid-state junctions. Shot noise is usually expressed as a current. Even here it can be seen that the addition of bandwidth will increase the noise and reduce the dynamic range.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw7drstsywr-foXSutHtox0D8cJ26qCSH_R-28a2j0vr8GbsWPTpgsGXJ0xEDd8t309IP9f-_d0yV9p3CGikr1SHbQUP0A3B4ZJbQCrouxJkkHgY1KFv02Vn86Eot-tuhEjfcuDRgpAss/s1600/Equation06.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="65" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgw7drstsywr-foXSutHtox0D8cJ26qCSH_R-28a2j0vr8GbsWPTpgsGXJ0xEDd8t309IP9f-_d0yV9p3CGikr1SHbQUP0A3B4ZJbQCrouxJkkHgY1KFv02Vn86Eot-tuhEjfcuDRgpAss/s200/Equation06.png" width="200" /></a></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 6)</span></b></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><b><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></b></b></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><b>e = The charge of one electron (1.6 x 10 to –19</b><b>th</b><b>)</b></span></span></b></b></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace; font-size: x-small;">I = The current through the junction in amperes</span></b></div><div style="font-family: Helvetica; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: 'Courier New', Courier, monospace;"><b>Δ</b><b>f = bandwidth in Hertz</b></span></span></div><div style="font: 8px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><b><br />
</b></div><div style="font: 8px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></b></div><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>Realistic Analog Playback</strong></span><br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The average analog deck outputs +4 dbm at zero VU. This translates into a voltage of 1.23 volts. Lets assume that there will be peak excursions 16 db above the zero vu setting for a total of 20 db above zero dbm. This would mean a maximum voltage of about 7.75 volts. Now lets imagine an analog tape deck working perfectly with Dolby SR noise reduction such that the signal out has a dynamic range of 85 db. Subtract the 20 db from this figure to arrive at a noise floor of -65 dbm. This would mean the smallest signal one would expect to see would be on the order of 436 </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">μ</span><b>volts</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> If we accept the 24-bit converter can digitize to a theoretical maximum accuracy of between 20 and 22 bits, then the resolution will be between 7.39 </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">μ</span>volts</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and 1.85</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> μ</span><b>volts</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEintThc6mi_HYthVv7SOvKmVxnKBARP-U25_cTQsLK3pr2bBpoWk01_QFBGMieqDGGA43Oq47D12jGJCkDTAvUqyVJ8QA5ohuaVSvATR7IUGJmtc1IZemtzDO14HjZ4AnQa27elGfe_Q60/s1600/Equation07.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="57" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEintThc6mi_HYthVv7SOvKmVxnKBARP-U25_cTQsLK3pr2bBpoWk01_QFBGMieqDGGA43Oq47D12jGJCkDTAvUqyVJ8QA5ohuaVSvATR7IUGJmtc1IZemtzDO14HjZ4AnQa27elGfe_Q60/s320/Equation07.png" width="320" /></a></div><div align="left"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 7)</span></b></b></span></span></div><div align="left"><div style="font: 8px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Using the mean of 21 bits for individual transitions of 3.7 </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">μ</span>volts</b></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> the lowest expected signal could be digitized to within 117.8 discreet values.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7fFcYyYjQ1HnL3dBW79QmJRYXa4XrgLEVK7jdwog3X2NaVDdEUInfrt09eA_s_ou15ssYKn1s33If9XwBi18ewt2Sfru7B4jGc4X6alQqIzmgZt7LX5nuiGlxkw_DcRiiuYZqPIgg6s/s1600/Equation08.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="43" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz7fFcYyYjQ1HnL3dBW79QmJRYXa4XrgLEVK7jdwog3X2NaVDdEUInfrt09eA_s_ou15ssYKn1s33If9XwBi18ewt2Sfru7B4jGc4X6alQqIzmgZt7LX5nuiGlxkw_DcRiiuYZqPIgg6s/s320/Equation08.png" width="320" /></a></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 8)</span></b></b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div style="font: 12px Helvetica; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">The number of bits can be calculated from the number of symbols assuming all symbols are equi-probable from the standard information theory equation for entropy in bits per symbol.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></b></b></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisMx7kPO433tjy3vNoBQ3gVAR-Vgh8IYGfi8yvZh7twBmxHUISKZt_rTW7I9YTpBg1GO4rCkNUeSd3cqFrMFJQhHOxCsRcOSWkt0SwmYDORXeS2uLJ-8KqZgIwRSQM3LluZopvBrPEEtg/s1600/Equation09.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="38" sda="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisMx7kPO433tjy3vNoBQ3gVAR-Vgh8IYGfi8yvZh7twBmxHUISKZt_rTW7I9YTpBg1GO4rCkNUeSd3cqFrMFJQhHOxCsRcOSWkt0SwmYDORXeS2uLJ-8KqZgIwRSQM3LluZopvBrPEEtg/s320/Equation09.png" width="320" /></a></span></b></b></span></div><div style="text-align: right;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><b><b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">(eq. 9)</span></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Times; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">This would give a value of 6.88 bits per symbol at the lowest analog signal level. As a point of comparison the same 436</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';">μ</span>volts</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> signal would be represented by only 3.68 symbols or 1.88 bits with 16 bit digitization. So where does this leave us? As you can see anything past 21 bits is past the physical limits of what is achievable by any digital conversion process. Although some may feel that human perception extends beyond 40 KHz they cannot dispute that added bandwidth can reduce the ability of a digital converter to operate at it's maximum bit depth. The loss of one bit in bit depth translates into one half of the resolution of that digitizing process.</span></span><br />
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<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></b></span></span></div></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-53555610654908181862012-02-03T13:32:00.000-08:002012-02-06T23:21:01.770-08:00Building and Using a Flux Loop<style>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">It’s always fun to revisit old analog techniques that if not forgotten they are at least not used as much as they should be. One such trick for me is the use of a flux loop in conjunction with troubleshooting reproduce electronics in analog tape decks. In this case an anomaly in the phase display of a low frequency tone was noticed. Two things were wrong. First, there was a phase discrepancy between the left and right channel of the deck indicated by an opening of the phase display. Second, the phase display was not an oval, but instead was more of a tear drop shape. As the playback frequency was increased both problems disappeared. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZjhgju09QMp2aiA5pbZiMRI96H3Dp4-bag49HesaTxyw3b2SofvdX0MDZD_TLC0ShlR25IVzlHwLiq1UeG0JjGcuh_78uAQC9KHwm0iq_k-NF1QxQGGdgyjKy12FPRWGAqAY0gNqy7kw/s1600/FluxLoop_00.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZjhgju09QMp2aiA5pbZiMRI96H3Dp4-bag49HesaTxyw3b2SofvdX0MDZD_TLC0ShlR25IVzlHwLiq1UeG0JjGcuh_78uAQC9KHwm0iq_k-NF1QxQGGdgyjKy12FPRWGAqAY0gNqy7kw/s320/FluxLoop_00.png" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Looking at the phase shift and distorted phase plot would most likely suggest a problem in low frequency coupling in the reproduce electronics. To confirm this I built the simple flux loop seen in this picture out of parts in the junk box. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEvJCVIZdyjc79YqmpDtwRjflpe7YFB4_jBgrs0y5XFKPRyKxbCDCsn6pSUNJBoO0zOumQ0vYIqfpiYo5Aztr3qf183HOj6_Lod4EUkdtvndrxZ6qPJU1jGB50H5WeG6zV9GGDDbCQepc/s1600/FluxLoop_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEvJCVIZdyjc79YqmpDtwRjflpe7YFB4_jBgrs0y5XFKPRyKxbCDCsn6pSUNJBoO0zOumQ0vYIqfpiYo5Aztr3qf183HOj6_Lod4EUkdtvndrxZ6qPJU1jGB50H5WeG6zV9GGDDbCQepc/s320/FluxLoop_01.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Essentially a flux loop is a means of generating magnetic flux and applying it to a tape deck head in such a way as to induce a field in the head which closely approximates the field from a moving length of tape. A typical flux loop is simply a few turns of fine wire wound closely together on a non-ferrous rectangular former. In my case a small piece of Plexiglas filed into the correct shape worked fine. A 620-ohm resistor in series with this coil was added in an attempt to match the impedance of the HP 200 CD audio oscillator. Here you can see the flux loop placed in proximity of the playback head of the deck.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrERFk9H7mZPYahDnX_Ma2l3PDYNtxrpRo59iJvQzRUPKHg0Pjcs-tfhkCfGGCtEMIAoK-_UvpNVr1zmbfWs0i6J5j3aySb31p0Hb7u8VjQURdDTZKnXQkXvMSwWQlWTRe3hV9YCUwz80/s1600/FluxLoop_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrERFk9H7mZPYahDnX_Ma2l3PDYNtxrpRo59iJvQzRUPKHg0Pjcs-tfhkCfGGCtEMIAoK-_UvpNVr1zmbfWs0i6J5j3aySb31p0Hb7u8VjQURdDTZKnXQkXvMSwWQlWTRe3hV9YCUwz80/s320/FluxLoop_02.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With the flux loop in place all one needs to do is simply turn on the deck, place it in playback, and hook up an oscilloscope to the output. The complete setup, including the oscillator, flux loop, tape deck, and oscilloscope can be seen here.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMFcwos8EkBYbQpZL5YSme8SjWCMLpnSSLTqs3l0x7WLT5KMDCL7k8oYSz91o-afwHY7a0XvKTUjvhG4o04sLJJT3XIdtltPiFTSuNK1pCUTR77XhWNboawyTtIQGikB2JKCVk7KbwjCw/s1600/FluxLoop_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMFcwos8EkBYbQpZL5YSme8SjWCMLpnSSLTqs3l0x7WLT5KMDCL7k8oYSz91o-afwHY7a0XvKTUjvhG4o04sLJJT3XIdtltPiFTSuNK1pCUTR77XhWNboawyTtIQGikB2JKCVk7KbwjCw/s320/FluxLoop_03.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Here is a block diagram of the test setup.</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2ZCz1hy8BrVvwbPF1R1XMGNGv-As5YkqkfUVSvCBKdI2aSmowc0YyrWsIQiRf1YPEIH2scPzDtRh2efjmFNvGZy0Dw3zIASIRfK_fNdmV7bD3qC0dTnYQFyH0uR3vUValTA_pq9agmk/s1600/FluxLoopBlock_01.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg2ZCz1hy8BrVvwbPF1R1XMGNGv-As5YkqkfUVSvCBKdI2aSmowc0YyrWsIQiRf1YPEIH2scPzDtRh2efjmFNvGZy0Dw3zIASIRfK_fNdmV7bD3qC0dTnYQFyH0uR3vUValTA_pq9agmk/s320/FluxLoopBlock_01.png" width="320" /></a></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">With this test setup, and a few card swaps the bad reproduce card was quickly identified. All of this was done without playing back a test tape. In this picture the </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">distortion is </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">obvious, and likely caused by a bad electrolytic coupling capacitor. </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglm26_eYN8L-962CSv9JUeGVpVTcPwsKVWFj-lUTan3PtbX4fm9IqAByfL4ntxFJ8bmJmYVPBJzan9NhU8c2ZwcMb6CbMdMTAOG4cpRz1LjUVPoftHRJO0h1_iMGWoihP3UoduHp1l5FU/s1600/FluxLoop_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglm26_eYN8L-962CSv9JUeGVpVTcPwsKVWFj-lUTan3PtbX4fm9IqAByfL4ntxFJ8bmJmYVPBJzan9NhU8c2ZwcMb6CbMdMTAOG4cpRz1LjUVPoftHRJO0h1_iMGWoihP3UoduHp1l5FU/s320/FluxLoop_04.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The next step will be to put the faulty card on an extender, and use the oscilloscope to identify the bad component.</span></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-19662832434006335082012-01-06T11:17:00.001-08:002020-12-04T18:20:45.445-08:00Testing Dual Triodes with the Tek 575<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:Revision>0</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:Pages>1</o:Pages> <o:Words>194</o:Words> <o:Characters>1107</o:Characters> <o:Company>WEA Productions, WMG Inc.</o:Company> <o:Lines>9</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>2</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>1359</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:DontAutofitConstrainedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I’ve been following a thread on the Tek Scopes forum </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/TekScopes/">http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/TekScopes/</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">discussing curve tracers with some interest since I recently acquired a second Tektronix 575.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">I picked it up because it looked to be in good shape and it has the option that takes the collector voltage up to 400 volts.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">A brief clean up and repair restored it to operating condition. Here it is as purchased:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipcRqQrd-WvbfRyqjE0GVV5rYmifnvt2DYFf8nEr5GiA96NR3Nf-BukeWkfEfTmvS1eEIEEkSSd2kOLuzsjbwZbEITzFfYR02HXR0VI_iM29wNI2Nw1vqwZmk75RAfENZ5U7i24oCR4LM/s1600/02_before.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipcRqQrd-WvbfRyqjE0GVV5rYmifnvt2DYFf8nEr5GiA96NR3Nf-BukeWkfEfTmvS1eEIEEkSSd2kOLuzsjbwZbEITzFfYR02HXR0VI_iM29wNI2Nw1vqwZmk75RAfENZ5U7i24oCR4LM/s320/02_before.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">As you can see it was really dirty and dusty inside, and looks like it had been sitting unused for a very long time;</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fEzCaeUnh5KJh0Gt5gueBfclPOKNXVLWzK6HfR9g7xlidTRUtaXjRsW02MLBByiuyGtHpNGbKx0-E78bZyICoxzFIbpP6K_yUA1Hvmb-eV7o_DqQMrfwBg49ZfDvHDE_zDJbMo9ubjU/s1600/03_before.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0fEzCaeUnh5KJh0Gt5gueBfclPOKNXVLWzK6HfR9g7xlidTRUtaXjRsW02MLBByiuyGtHpNGbKx0-E78bZyICoxzFIbpP6K_yUA1Hvmb-eV7o_DqQMrfwBg49ZfDvHDE_zDJbMo9ubjU/s320/03_before.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOCj1bquzohdqrcbo3oZeqU7QFFzskq_n5fQ6_6YPuwlsII-A5a9XOSK7zj1yWESDr4cR3c8fuU6CFE74x3J4JI-kJIurrCUxkAX7y2Pn0bmZgaw6ESPdFYFgaR8EY0rYBbiyQXpf6C8/s1600/04_before.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPOCj1bquzohdqrcbo3oZeqU7QFFzskq_n5fQ6_6YPuwlsII-A5a9XOSK7zj1yWESDr4cR3c8fuU6CFE74x3J4JI-kJIurrCUxkAX7y2Pn0bmZgaw6ESPdFYFgaR8EY0rYBbiyQXpf6C8/s320/04_before.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I’m lucky enough to have restored a Tektronix 570 tube tester that I actually still use at the office to check, test, and match tubes for various pieces of gear used by the audio engineers and mixers. Recently we were testing a pre amp that used a large number of 6DJ8 dual triodes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqp7cttSk4GVWWvO-i8ewnQFhuXHvwenZNGdFlHqxy9RgfvNFTqhmIf2weia7BN0Hx1VmumhlVwv1-cYCFyWARrVn6BYEwovvXp63yuCxMk3EsGiC1ndSNrIT2LDtndaFfgGUC1hJOgQQ/s1600/01_Tek570_TubeTest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqp7cttSk4GVWWvO-i8ewnQFhuXHvwenZNGdFlHqxy9RgfvNFTqhmIf2weia7BN0Hx1VmumhlVwv1-cYCFyWARrVn6BYEwovvXp63yuCxMk3EsGiC1ndSNrIT2LDtndaFfgGUC1hJOgQQ/s320/01_Tek570_TubeTest.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Inspired by the TekScopes thread and the tedium of patching on the 570 I decided to make a test fixture for the newly refurbished 575.</span><span style="font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I have to say it works great and is perfect for quickly testing a large variety of dual triodes since many of them have the same pin out. Here is the inside of the dual triode test fixture being wired;<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEe2iSl1EotB1CFWoN7i8x2PNFUmDDxOCwGbTgO8IYrHZkkAWUnQotvddKLIqpfHD3MIWrsGw5wA4f38ecrBFT6VbFDpuALug3y2Cj4tNDXsyRw-zjtCIDoalHmH-Wh0y3BsfSI66UXys/s1600/06_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEe2iSl1EotB1CFWoN7i8x2PNFUmDDxOCwGbTgO8IYrHZkkAWUnQotvddKLIqpfHD3MIWrsGw5wA4f38ecrBFT6VbFDpuALug3y2Cj4tNDXsyRw-zjtCIDoalHmH-Wh0y3BsfSI66UXys/s320/06_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">Here is a picture of the completed tester:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJScNLSFUTw1hsCS500HSdLRxh9z_Cxym3EBO42Hmdm5L9K5wRv3eN_C3oP2gQHOxmq-9q0VmMsD6dZt78-zb48Y9ixrdeCCiwlABcXVfxaWqafvqmjv_kEgdaosZn9f_G6DlojmEUnXg/s1600/07_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJScNLSFUTw1hsCS500HSdLRxh9z_Cxym3EBO42Hmdm5L9K5wRv3eN_C3oP2gQHOxmq-9q0VmMsD6dZt78-zb48Y9ixrdeCCiwlABcXVfxaWqafvqmjv_kEgdaosZn9f_G6DlojmEUnXg/s320/07_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">And finally here is the tester being used to go through a box of used dual triodes:</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjcN1x901P4cu8-nknEXZfrJdXXh2NivkGVcnOIBQXhqGw-3Goe7Ttc6mMhyphenhyphenC8ZmnxHVE84Wd4ZTUz_J2KDsIkXLzQJD7jPwjbtAdwq_Z2_ccvgNuhs9PB-g8ph8AsKsBuN3rdC6jd20/s1600/08_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxjcN1x901P4cu8-nknEXZfrJdXXh2NivkGVcnOIBQXhqGw-3Goe7Ttc6mMhyphenhyphenC8ZmnxHVE84Wd4ZTUz_J2KDsIkXLzQJD7jPwjbtAdwq_Z2_ccvgNuhs9PB-g8ph8AsKsBuN3rdC6jd20/s320/08_Tek575_TubeTest.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I had to laugh, because when I brought in the text fixture and proudly showed it off to one of my colleagues, he asked what a 575 looked like.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>No problem.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I went to Google images and one of the top search results was the image on this site.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(scroll down al little.)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><a href="https://retrovoltage.com/2014/08/11/new-toy-tektronix-575-transistor-curve-tracer-restoration-project/">Tektonix 575</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">So….not an original concept, and they are even testing the same tube. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">There is a PDF in works that I will post for anyone that want to try this. That said, I will offer the usual disclaimer. <o:p></o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">Some of the circuits described on this site use or generate potentially lethal electric currents and voltages, </span><span class="Apple-style-span" face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif" style="line-height: 18px;">and if not treated with care, respect and intelligence, they can result in fatal injury</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">. If you use the information on this site to kill yourself, your friends, family members, acquaintances, total strangers, pets, electronic devices or burn down your house, it is not my problem.</span></div><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Template>Normal.dotm</o:Template> <o:Revision>0</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>0</o:TotalTime> <o:Pages>1</o:Pages> <o:Words>43</o:Words> <o:Characters>250</o:Characters> <o:Company>WEA Productions, WMG Inc.</o:Company> <o:Lines>2</o:Lines> <o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs> <o:CharactersWithSpaces>307</o:CharactersWithSpaces> <o:Version>12.0</o:Version> </o:DocumentProperties> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves>false</w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridHorizontalSpacing> <w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>18 pt</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing> <w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery> <w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:DontAutofitConstrainedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> </w:Compatibility> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="276"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--> <!--[if gte mso 10]> <style>
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<br />
That has all changed with this newer version. Version 2.58.1 is awesome and very easy to use. 3D programs in general are very deep and difficult to learn, but with the help of the on line tutorial videos I was able to get results very quickly. It was very easy to build a table and room with lighting for my Utah Teapot.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlOQ0dSJH4NuhpgEe-5EolVovnvTeeRGhUd0dxlaGjGLPG62icurmXX4beMST12abhjtLrxO9wJ0MqvOuxHODd_cK8HQhfJea44hd8OhICcyvhjsvWAvJm2h7rPxnUIwFJlJzCTYBeZ4/s1600/FirstBlenderRender_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLlOQ0dSJH4NuhpgEe-5EolVovnvTeeRGhUd0dxlaGjGLPG62icurmXX4beMST12abhjtLrxO9wJ0MqvOuxHODd_cK8HQhfJea44hd8OhICcyvhjsvWAvJm2h7rPxnUIwFJlJzCTYBeZ4/s320/FirstBlenderRender_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In this view you can see the camera, lights and room I created in Blender</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuGKWF5y002Xvec2s12iHOzfEAP4fhPb8ux64Z4-MH8sqPrOP75l2xQkT0-XJwTjdSzo8nuKEwYYEZ3BjseLr9iQwcYv0gQXiWE66ZdVLNVKFkG6WP55wV7zhSpaLhFAs1nBn5sKi5zcY/s1600/Blender.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuGKWF5y002Xvec2s12iHOzfEAP4fhPb8ux64Z4-MH8sqPrOP75l2xQkT0-XJwTjdSzo8nuKEwYYEZ3BjseLr9iQwcYv0gQXiWE66ZdVLNVKFkG6WP55wV7zhSpaLhFAs1nBn5sKi5zcY/s320/Blender.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div>I can highly recommend Blender as a free and easy way for anyone to experiment in 3D modeling.glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-35987818409313601892011-08-04T14:43:00.000-07:002011-08-12T11:47:08.314-07:00Who remembers the Utah Teapot?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I was lucky enough to be in Mountain View with enough time to burn to see the Computer History Museum. It was wonderful, containing everything from an IMP from the earliest days of the DARPA Internet to large portions of ENIAC. One of the unexpected treats was the original Utah Teapot used by Martin Newell to create one of the most iconic 3D models that is used by just about anybody who even has a passing interest in 3D modeling.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDTpife4FD6Wh197MMvFPz_aI1vHfiYHO1gBEtAyGKEooMtk6wHvGBSTQ5dFE3T_mP5ul4IqT11XLgXmPPmnC46giav0_YsAipZaDcDh6cI2jWVElTparRqkirInS285xl444oDz9x0EU/s1600/Original_Utah_Teapot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDTpife4FD6Wh197MMvFPz_aI1vHfiYHO1gBEtAyGKEooMtk6wHvGBSTQ5dFE3T_mP5ul4IqT11XLgXmPPmnC46giav0_YsAipZaDcDh6cI2jWVElTparRqkirInS285xl444oDz9x0EU/s320/Original_Utah_Teapot.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjk52uShenLOxnI8qBpLtM1HHJCvwBD-WsVrjeDV1y4Tz5aLxIlPlSOC9zbOmo1ISguBOukUVamC_q_99pF_2uusbXfnCNYdeiVz1uBRAlqHTkpSC7uaQZe4GAm2WsL9iJSDxpoJEa_pg/s1600/Caption.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjk52uShenLOxnI8qBpLtM1HHJCvwBD-WsVrjeDV1y4Tz5aLxIlPlSOC9zbOmo1ISguBOukUVamC_q_99pF_2uusbXfnCNYdeiVz1uBRAlqHTkpSC7uaQZe4GAm2WsL9iJSDxpoJEa_pg/s320/Caption.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The first time I tried rendering it in the late 90s was using Autocad R14. When I went back to look at the rendering I noticed that the model I was using was missing the lid. Also, not a great job of rendering...</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8CPkX0ahKaS_NvSebtWJ4mats7VZq_DQbWxGU025EEEFisrqnjH8FvY5CXSlYZ5Lfw_mmrdilrKF9D-RR3hJRPX4R59P318QxefSuVIMfAf9w5XF_padd4O9UDIETNxduiw3xEWQ52o/s1600/UtahTeapot-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw8CPkX0ahKaS_NvSebtWJ4mats7VZq_DQbWxGU025EEEFisrqnjH8FvY5CXSlYZ5Lfw_mmrdilrKF9D-RR3hJRPX4R59P318QxefSuVIMfAf9w5XF_padd4O9UDIETNxduiw3xEWQ52o/s320/UtahTeapot-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After seeing the original I was inspired to create and place a Utah Teapot on my desk. Rendering the teapot is much easier now than it has ever been. This image was created with a Wave Front object found on the web, a picture of my desk, and Photoshop CS4.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5B_g8qQkVS0Q96wxvtrDxT8bmphdlXbGEKu0y2_diyTMHIjZWxIW_kNkF-vsbr37Cqm2Vc5cPTBe4B-35_3Y8DHbEMj3X_oU_47f9iIhf5S-6Roj2GGxqND3vo0dBbk-wYUJrFv54TJ0/s1600/My_utah_teapot_sm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5B_g8qQkVS0Q96wxvtrDxT8bmphdlXbGEKu0y2_diyTMHIjZWxIW_kNkF-vsbr37Cqm2Vc5cPTBe4B-35_3Y8DHbEMj3X_oU_47f9iIhf5S-6Roj2GGxqND3vo0dBbk-wYUJrFv54TJ0/s320/My_utah_teapot_sm.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></o:p></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">After doing a little reading it’s no surprise to me that the teapot makes a few cameo appearances. Most notably in the Pixar movie ‘Toy Story’, and in the NT release of the ‘Pipes’ screen saver. Here are a couple of great reads telling the story of the Utah Teapot.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.sjbaker.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_History_of_The_Teapot"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.sjbaker.org/wiki/index.php?title=The_History_of_The_Teapot</span></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.cs.utah.edu/gdc/projects/alpha1/help/man/html/model_repo/model_teapot/model_teapot.html"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.cs.utah.edu/gdc/projects/alpha1/help/man/html/model_repo/model_teapot/model_teapot.html</span></a></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-68879601874281594152011-07-24T10:35:00.000-07:002011-07-24T10:35:47.107-07:008656 Up and Running<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;">I finished up repairs on the signal generator this weekend and did a brief performance check.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was unable to easily find an axial equivalent for the shorted filter cap so I came up with this arrangement for mounting a nice radial style with screw terminals.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I also ordered the R712 diode pack in a TO-3 package, but until they arrive I’m using an NTE diode pack in a TO-220 package.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn0LhuQQZkFIsbw5sFp07musrm285kx6DRnjCVpL0815fy2t53QBbccnyOllkj4hUL3wtM_etUbH2ClYmLjJz_qFcC-zPmOPiCCt5AbjmA26eTgegWC6KbtT-N5KKuZxUyvAp1LN2grJI/s1600/HP8656A_R07.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhn0LhuQQZkFIsbw5sFp07musrm285kx6DRnjCVpL0815fy2t53QBbccnyOllkj4hUL3wtM_etUbH2ClYmLjJz_qFcC-zPmOPiCCt5AbjmA26eTgegWC6KbtT-N5KKuZxUyvAp1LN2grJI/s320/HP8656A_R07.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After confirming that everything was running nice and cool and at the correct voltages I let the generator burn in for a day before looking at the ovenized 10 MHz crystal time base.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOMiNUNr9Jel5FrGDVnepnrxLueec2b1mLpaYKu45HVoFquTAj3_2806ueg_0mQwF9YfKdtxxM63AyjUOHfKFsIlb_AzGDCdMj_Q3eQeO50TWIuuS-2g2zGh6F1r50qD1n20kX6ec4zrI/s1600/HP8656A_R11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOMiNUNr9Jel5FrGDVnepnrxLueec2b1mLpaYKu45HVoFquTAj3_2806ueg_0mQwF9YfKdtxxM63AyjUOHfKFsIlb_AzGDCdMj_Q3eQeO50TWIuuS-2g2zGh6F1r50qD1n20kX6ec4zrI/s320/HP8656A_R11.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">After 24 hours I took my 10 MHz rubidium frequency source and compared then trimmed the 8656A oscillator to match. The rubidium source is mounted in an old hard drive enclosure. I added a meter and leds to indicate the status and when the rubidium cell is locked.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To keep the operating conditions as true as possible I set the fan back in place after each adjustment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I waited an hour in between each adjustment.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTEex2NCicgA-KGls8F0Fgy2fVl9pXIPSDZm7C_t_cdC3Mi41isarfFcEEKcprWDQ0ebPrDDPAqCpP6AuW_PXKuuPmQxdh3Dq-0qle_VBMP0mFF4scSnIQFayGkc1hyphenhyphen-23piZxr5-dY8s/s1600/HP8656A_R12a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTEex2NCicgA-KGls8F0Fgy2fVl9pXIPSDZm7C_t_cdC3Mi41isarfFcEEKcprWDQ0ebPrDDPAqCpP6AuW_PXKuuPmQxdh3Dq-0qle_VBMP0mFF4scSnIQFayGkc1hyphenhyphen-23piZxr5-dY8s/s320/HP8656A_R12a.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Letting it sit for a few more hours I checked in with my HP 8566.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This generator looks to be very accurate in both frequency and amplitude accuracy.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOJCFdyDnbOAvEsa7qb3-ArAw2uNTCZ02Fmlag4DPnsyQnDPnWWy_lIXIdNAg8U0mpK8T5PFBmwBjhf4hA7ppHwOuasVBHyoXZo-ZitRse2eTWCkKzUmpYrAo5qLJtI494hUvkND9W65o/s1600/HP8656A_R12b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOJCFdyDnbOAvEsa7qb3-ArAw2uNTCZ02Fmlag4DPnsyQnDPnWWy_lIXIdNAg8U0mpK8T5PFBmwBjhf4hA7ppHwOuasVBHyoXZo-ZitRse2eTWCkKzUmpYrAo5qLJtI494hUvkND9W65o/s320/HP8656A_R12b.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><!--EndFragment-->glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-67304278474708478932011-07-19T13:59:00.000-07:002011-07-19T13:59:31.965-07:00HP 8656A Progress<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">I’ve started to clean up and identify the parts that are bad or damaged.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Not only was the Molex J5 on the A10 board melted, but also the far end connector J2 on the A14 board in a compartment in the back of the generator.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was lucky that the ground return wire did not damage adjacent wires in the bundle.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Here is a simplified schematic of the unregulated portion of the +5 volt logic supply detailing the parts that were damaged.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0dKil0iT8qVfrrj8uw-TLztQNU5VARRHnKwNYOoiuiJNR74h4K4H1se-ZGnG_oS1Isl-aBUIoV52LJehBHhVnPLKA0YacCVBSN4Y3qYmNhSjhtj9wjH-B1X5rrpXij-uuqbEXLUWINk/s1600/HP_8656A-PowerSupply_5volt.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiy0dKil0iT8qVfrrj8uw-TLztQNU5VARRHnKwNYOoiuiJNR74h4K4H1se-ZGnG_oS1Isl-aBUIoV52LJehBHhVnPLKA0YacCVBSN4Y3qYmNhSjhtj9wjH-B1X5rrpXij-uuqbEXLUWINk/s320/HP_8656A-PowerSupply_5volt.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">Here is the HP 8656A pulled apart so that the molex connectors and ground wire can be replaced.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyHBNY-gtvUJwoEbwKMp2bHWzqHbxzhJ6r0UOrpO03Y-BsOHK1dJzzlF4PWlbdypxyE7dMSQ0oYtqpohoM5B4x_gFyJLGFiBWEw5ppTHphiXNPDXYIlK_VUoMwV0GBAZdHYPj4FkLENU/s1600/HP8656A_R03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLyHBNY-gtvUJwoEbwKMp2bHWzqHbxzhJ6r0UOrpO03Y-BsOHK1dJzzlF4PWlbdypxyE7dMSQ0oYtqpohoM5B4x_gFyJLGFiBWEw5ppTHphiXNPDXYIlK_VUoMwV0GBAZdHYPj4FkLENU/s320/HP8656A_R03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This picture shows one of the Molex shells after repair.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Note that Pin one had to be replaced with a non-HP pin.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFXP2QCXdxdTZyOMVP8DQ-88oAvizI1Y0Ik_aKfnP1kGLckldOF5l6Unln6iaBT3LscZzC9crj9mUsiQNOr4qlUPka-Qo-sko4g9PdMhFArkXaVMBB_Mm-Gb7v67ne2FGIay3F3mCorc/s1600/HP8656A_R04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlFXP2QCXdxdTZyOMVP8DQ-88oAvizI1Y0Ik_aKfnP1kGLckldOF5l6Unln6iaBT3LscZzC9crj9mUsiQNOr4qlUPka-Qo-sko4g9PdMhFArkXaVMBB_Mm-Gb7v67ne2FGIay3F3mCorc/s320/HP8656A_R04.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">New ground return wire is back in place and the wire harness is all bundled back together.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3c66ZVcts6wPzD1YEnDsQNfgVeYvJPZSbPaXQdH-_aOFq5T8FPkOB5L07Vk_gkXQ96UNGQ9tZCfuIK4OSH-UkV8V__5THUZFq774kbbi_RNsZ3Nwj5ckFv7UML4bKqIEokvBVNLcPAAk/s1600/HP8656A_R05.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3c66ZVcts6wPzD1YEnDsQNfgVeYvJPZSbPaXQdH-_aOFq5T8FPkOB5L07Vk_gkXQ96UNGQ9tZCfuIK4OSH-UkV8V__5THUZFq774kbbi_RNsZ3Nwj5ckFv7UML4bKqIEokvBVNLcPAAk/s320/HP8656A_R05.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
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</span></div><!--EndFragment-->glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-34929048878854572722011-07-18T14:38:00.000-07:002011-07-18T14:38:27.479-07:00Who let the smoke out?<!--StartFragment--> <br />
<div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">All the smoke was let out of an HP 8656A RF generator, and I’m currently in the process of trying to get it back into the box.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This picture is of J5 on the A10 power supply board where the most significant damage is.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgOExBb7WhgpnZr8LG7yN0R5En9Tm1PT6QCSdqxOxIjABVdq3Ym0dAnNo0SXQKQt62Es-NU4P7I5VXloK3Re6rU7Nw717uZ2-5k7QFeM6mMxWaYHvFTawyct2oO9O_LCy_IVGEiEI92o/s1600/HP8656A_R01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFgOExBb7WhgpnZr8LG7yN0R5En9Tm1PT6QCSdqxOxIjABVdq3Ym0dAnNo0SXQKQt62Es-NU4P7I5VXloK3Re6rU7Nw717uZ2-5k7QFeM6mMxWaYHvFTawyct2oO9O_LCy_IVGEiEI92o/s320/HP8656A_R01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;">This next photo is the underside of the A10 board near the J5 connector.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It’s interesting to note that at the topside Pin 1 (GND) had the melted wire while on the bottom of the board Pin 2 (+5V) has the crispy trace.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJOBHh-VrJE1ZABn_UyUEMuky5q02UIyE3MBS2iiGlCSo65ji6coSnjxw4WNGV74LapZWu-vLxd9phyphenhyphenZd4XIyy51y7dewg3x0yUELyhjwbcXK6gUxf-hIju_xJwPQBSAlMz8QObGcNf9w/s1600/HP8656A_R02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJOBHh-VrJE1ZABn_UyUEMuky5q02UIyE3MBS2iiGlCSo65ji6coSnjxw4WNGV74LapZWu-vLxd9phyphenhyphenZd4XIyy51y7dewg3x0yUELyhjwbcXK6gUxf-hIju_xJwPQBSAlMz8QObGcNf9w/s320/HP8656A_R02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial;"><br />
</span></div><!--EndFragment-->glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-72285336671392765682011-07-13T11:57:00.001-07:002021-01-11T10:40:29.308-08:00Why do we have 29.97 frame rates, and not just 30??<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">I get this question quite often, so I thought I would provide the best answer I could including some historical perspective.</span><br />
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">The short answer is that it is due to making a less expensive and more reliable sound recovery circuit in black and white televisions in the 50s.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Here’s why. Radios typically recover information by the nonlinear mixing of the radio frequency energy from the transmitter with that of a local oscillator. The combination of the two signals will produce sum and difference frequencies, also known as high side and low side conversion. The output of that mixer is applied to an IF amplifier that has a tuned bandpass for a single frequency. (IF = Intermediate Frequency). Tuning in the radio is accomplished by changing the frequency of the local oscillator such that the combination of local oscillator plus the transmitting station or local oscillator minus the transmitting station matches the tuned response of the IF amplifier. That way depending on the frequency of the local oscillator, only a single frequency or station can pass though the key-hole that is the IF filter and amplifier.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">As specified in the early 40s, the NTSC originally had a frame rate of 30 and a line rate of 15,750. Also early in the specification of television it was decided that the picture would be amplitude modulated on one carrier and the sound would be frequency modulated on a second higher frequency carrier separated enough to prevent the two signals from interfering with each other. What this means is that a television essentially needed two radio receivers comprised of two mixers, two local oscillators, two IF amplifiers, and two detectors. One set of circuits for picture, and one set for sound. The difficulty in this scheme is getting the two local oscillators to change frequency exactly the right amount every time the user changed channels. This is further exacerbated by the inherent lack of stability of oscillators at these high frequencies. There were no inexpensive phased lock loops and digital synthesizers in the 50s. To eliminate the difficulty and expense of building two oscillators that would track each other and not drift apart it was decided that the tolerance of frequency separation could be held more precisely at a single location, the TV transmitter. It was further decided to separate the visual and audio signals by exactly 4.5 MHz. This allowed set manufacturers to design TV sets with inter-carrier sound detection, or a carrier within a carrier. The system worked by using a single local oscillator, mixer and IF amplifier to detect the entire audio/video signal. This means that the ‘baseband video’ at the output of the detector contained the audio at 4.5 MHz as well as the picture. The detected signal was split with one side going to a 4.5 MHz tuned circuit called the ‘sound trap’ to remove the sound carrier from the picture. The other side went directly to a 4.5 MHz IF amplifier where it could be amplified to a usable level, no secondary local oscillator needed. The output of this second IF amplifier could now be fed to an FM discriminator to extract the audio.</span></div><span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;"><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">With the advent of color a third carrier needed to be added to the scheme. This third carrier literally needed to be shoe-horned in between the visual signal and the audio signal. If the frequency of the color carrier were to high it would interfere with the 4.5 MHz sound carrier. If the frequency of the color carrier were to low artifacts would be seen in the picture. Add to this that the color information added to the video signal could not obsolete the installed base of black and white televisions. The decision was made to place the color carrier below the sound carrier and inband of the picture carrier. This is illustrated in figure 1 below.</span></span><br />
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<span face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial;"></span></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkqVRP7h6EhSXhWZtHy4BmL9xJ36hJMEJoyoEgcDqPfZ5YV5jtRIIQPi6QOgidlpdtVcOXuJm45NiSnJzgUejequ2PuG9Rzx6e_0O4Cad-fFwo3uBpgwhBXxyQzv8jHYfRtnUqQ6Y9ts/s900/BandPass2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="900" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEkqVRP7h6EhSXhWZtHy4BmL9xJ36hJMEJoyoEgcDqPfZ5YV5jtRIIQPi6QOgidlpdtVcOXuJm45NiSnJzgUejequ2PuG9Rzx6e_0O4Cad-fFwo3uBpgwhBXxyQzv8jHYfRtnUqQ6Y9ts/s320/BandPass2.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 115%;">Fig. 1 Relationship between the luminance signal, sound signal and the color subcarrier.</span></i></b></div><ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">s = Frequency of sound carrier</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c = Frequency of chrominance or color carrier</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h = Frequency of horizontal line rate</span></li>
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Since the frequency of the sound carrier could not change without making the legacy black and white TVs obsolete 4.5 MHz was made to be the 286<sup>th</sup> harmonic of the horizontal line rate.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">286 = </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">s <span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Using this equation the horizontal rate will be equal to the sound carrier divided by 286. 286 is the closest even number harmonic that will provide a ratio close to the original line rate of 15,750 KHz.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h = </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">s<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/286</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The color sub carrier frequency will need to be in the range of approximately 3.6 Mhz and an odd harmonic of the half horizontal line rate. An odd harmonic that is half of the line frequency is desirable because the color subcarrier is ‘<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inband</i>’ of the luminance signal, and because an odd harmonic half line rate will have opposite voltage polarities for the picture information on odd and even lines. This method of reducing the interference of the color and luminance signal is known as <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">frequency interlace</i>. The odd harmonic of the half line frequency closest to the original line rate of 15, 750 KHz would be 457/2. However 457 is a prime number, making it difficult to derive other frequencies such as the horizontal and vertical rate. The next best choice and the harmonic that was ultimately chosen was 455/2. 455 has the prime factors of 5, 7 and 13 making it easier to create frequency divider chains.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">(455/2)*</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></i></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Again, the equation can be solved for the horizontal rate, but this time as it relates to the color carrier, and the selected harmonic of that carrier.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/455</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Setting the two equations for the horizontal frequency equal to each other, one in terms of the sound carrier and the other in terms of the color carrier, the yet unknown horizontal rate drops out. Now the color carrier can be solved for and calculated exclusively in terms of the selected harmonics and the implacable 4.5 MHz sound carrier.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/455</span> = </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">s<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/286 = 4.5 MHz/286</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">= (455*4.5 MHz)/(2*286) = 3,579,545.4546 Hz</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">The Horizontal line rate can now be calculated based on the calculated color rate.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">h = <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*</span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;">f</span></i></b><span style="font-family: Calibri;">c <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">/455 = 15,734.2657 Hz</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dividing this new line rate into the original line rate gives the ratio of frequency reduction from the original black and white system to the NTSC color standard.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">15,750 Hz/15,734.2657 Hz = 1.001</span></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Ratio of Frequency Change = 1.001 : 1</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Dividing the 1.001 frequency reduction coefficient into the original black and white 30 frames per second gives the color frame rate we are now familiar with.</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0in 10pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">30 fps/1.001 = 29.97</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="break-after: avoid; line-height: normal; margin: 5pt 0in; mso-outline-level: 2; mso-pagination: none; page-break-after: avoid;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="bg" style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;">Bibliography</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Donald G. Fink, Editor, </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Television Standards and Practice – NTSC, First Edition</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company., 1943. (Appendix I)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Donald G. Fink, Editor, </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Television Engineering Handbook, First Edition</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company., 1957. (Pg. 7-3 to Pg. 7-4, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sec 7.103 Timing Relationships</i></b>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bernard Grob, </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Basic Television, Principles and Servicing</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company., 1964. (Pg. 523-524, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sec 22.16 Intercarrier sound</i></b>), (Pg. 580-582, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sec 24.15 Color subcarrier frequency</i></b>)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Howard W. Sams & Co., </span></b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Reference Data For Radio Engineers, Sixth Edition</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company., 1977. (Pg. 30-31 <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Transmission Standards</i></b>)</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-33231544003124547052011-04-22T12:28:00.000-07:002011-04-22T12:35:01.859-07:00Tuning Duplexers in the Geek LabOne of the duplexers that had been pronounced as 'misbehaving' from the mountain top repeater was pulled down and delivered to the lab. The first order of business was to take a look at it using the VNA (Vector Network Analyzer).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaul8iUVOCwb91nLPnBcFqz8DJjc1QpqB-KD6_wQEZUU1blgjFoevuH3XUa-PGu2p9imVQUv9qd2YgTXI9y047bi4WPOoXwKmtaptEZm5bPcPM6VrYPLKmI29mxWBbdPzkeg5XiEaokgA/s1600/Duplexer_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaul8iUVOCwb91nLPnBcFqz8DJjc1QpqB-KD6_wQEZUU1blgjFoevuH3XUa-PGu2p9imVQUv9qd2YgTXI9y047bi4WPOoXwKmtaptEZm5bPcPM6VrYPLKmI29mxWBbdPzkeg5XiEaokgA/s320/Duplexer_03.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Initial findings for the duplexer were not great as can be seen in the response plot. The bugs on the plot represent the receive and transmit frequencies for the repeater.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLtxeQKehVhL66iyFaEWZ5SAn5KHTWgKqd43ad2z-QCFgr_RyEgwRuLv3RtnZTWboyHJr-W33ssCCpWCwy6aiYgr6pPXSEOejDmoO1PlOuLrifcqUBBIF3NKijwtwK-D8hxwAFwTMD0tU/s1600/Duplexer_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLtxeQKehVhL66iyFaEWZ5SAn5KHTWgKqd43ad2z-QCFgr_RyEgwRuLv3RtnZTWboyHJr-W33ssCCpWCwy6aiYgr6pPXSEOejDmoO1PlOuLrifcqUBBIF3NKijwtwK-D8hxwAFwTMD0tU/s320/Duplexer_01.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
Tuning each section individually and then reconnecting them to view an over all plot produced a somewhat better response. This particular duplexer includes a notch capacitor with each cavity. The bug for the receive frequency on the left is off by 200 Khz. I'll let you know how the duplexer works when it is reinstalled back on the mountain.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8qkVYYAUOyGsOSgSNUHe4TsiHHr3G7a8-0FsdUY7m01VUKak4eDsW_xEzS_T_9bF_StIpRDf6Q6HkmhlVB4S_RAvt5TCzOYEgByyazI06ZMboAoqV1GCt69sIjHKTX2aLrjJ5KKYn87M/s1600/Duplexer_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8qkVYYAUOyGsOSgSNUHe4TsiHHr3G7a8-0FsdUY7m01VUKak4eDsW_xEzS_T_9bF_StIpRDf6Q6HkmhlVB4S_RAvt5TCzOYEgByyazI06ZMboAoqV1GCt69sIjHKTX2aLrjJ5KKYn87M/s320/Duplexer_02.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-54628494391052710002011-04-04T10:29:00.000-07:002011-04-04T10:47:39.829-07:00First Shop Science ProjectMy friend Jake cam over with his Dad on Sunday and we worked together to make a steam turbine as a science project. Jake's design was based on a published design in the May 1960 issue of Mechanix Illustrated. The original article can be found on Scribd at this link:<br />
<a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/6011828/Model-Steam-Turbine">http://www.scribd.com/doc/6011828/Model-Steam-Turbine</a><br />
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After testing on the kitchen stove and making a few small adjustments the turbine worked very well. Here is a picture of Jake's turbine showing the various parts.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2abO1Q-e1c2jcL5sRWchx3HyJP6kcUQT5fm1RLmRSCkS4g6l6W-HBZ_v8rAUmqIpNoQpypn0reDnoEtVeNn7VGWm29CJ6QyLaIYS8HP-VU8B5N1Fs6JtyTPg6W39fq7P18dDhRYfC8LI/s1600/Turbine_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2abO1Q-e1c2jcL5sRWchx3HyJP6kcUQT5fm1RLmRSCkS4g6l6W-HBZ_v8rAUmqIpNoQpypn0reDnoEtVeNn7VGWm29CJ6QyLaIYS8HP-VU8B5N1Fs6JtyTPg6W39fq7P18dDhRYfC8LI/s320/Turbine_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />
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Here is a picture of the young inventor with his completed turbine after testing.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyEpxGOOWvvlA_aD_9ZQOxmGJrtXwbXV5QOQ39pelQNROHMIYHmRSXNYzKctgttYdL5ATsw_XOnbUBKqRXNaIMeGJNzEaPwCE8F_UyxRnlazutdt_bSr-N6TmWHlBuX4C9iwC3fwMhWo/s1600/Turbine_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKyEpxGOOWvvlA_aD_9ZQOxmGJrtXwbXV5QOQ39pelQNROHMIYHmRSXNYzKctgttYdL5ATsw_XOnbUBKqRXNaIMeGJNzEaPwCE8F_UyxRnlazutdt_bSr-N6TmWHlBuX4C9iwC3fwMhWo/s320/Turbine_2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-34900936561312170462011-04-04T10:19:00.000-07:002011-04-04T10:43:36.439-07:00Internet in the ShopDuring construction I included a length of fiber optic cable that could be used to interconnect Cisco Catalyst 2900 switches that I picked up for $20 apiece at a swap meet. In this picture you can see where the fiber optic cable terminates next to the shop electrical sub panel. The hooks inside the electrical box used to coil the excess fiber optic cable and prevent it from bending and breaking the glass filament were made from a cheap plastic hooks designed to hang from the top of a door.<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08wYku5ZOj92gV2BKsWSapqdpYmDwo_w9OX8G-nrD6BbqPcsT26B4_dOKL34Ees7neyM1R97aaEwAi7JXKy2mxdl-RZJiqxHywXynl1TmRrV6MuKe6JeOxUi1o6o_PpxZeLW26K0EE5c/s1600/ShopInet_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh08wYku5ZOj92gV2BKsWSapqdpYmDwo_w9OX8G-nrD6BbqPcsT26B4_dOKL34Ees7neyM1R97aaEwAi7JXKy2mxdl-RZJiqxHywXynl1TmRrV6MuKe6JeOxUi1o6o_PpxZeLW26K0EE5c/s320/ShopInet_1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />
</div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4746258548989809160.post-67789293349333416702011-03-27T22:57:00.000-07:002011-03-27T23:02:08.903-07:00Artifacts found in the shop.<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: left;">Much of the material that was moved out of the shop in haste is now being sorted. No explanation is being offered for this image.....</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_0WqodmlKEWF6SzYeqn90kabhlyhTem7D466qRPwL1xeEncH4nYSqO0EsJagiol_630W588nC7ThgH8PVOTKrPHkNRacRJItWwi0tyiaix_hQE1nx7ehEqd8esS_q40MhCQwpeC8BrdQ/s1600/blogArtifacttif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" r6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_0WqodmlKEWF6SzYeqn90kabhlyhTem7D466qRPwL1xeEncH4nYSqO0EsJagiol_630W588nC7ThgH8PVOTKrPHkNRacRJItWwi0tyiaix_hQE1nx7ehEqd8esS_q40MhCQwpeC8BrdQ/s320/blogArtifacttif.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div align="center" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: left;"></div><div style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><br />
</div>glydeckhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17562953933751519928noreply@blogger.com